Abstract
Abstract Slow release nanofertilizers are of interest for reducing soil nutrient losses and preventing land degradation associated with established fertilizer use due to use of fertilizers. Chitosan nanoparticles (CN) were prepared following polymerization of chitosan with methacrylic acid and later incorporated with potassium (CNK). CN as well as CNK were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The slow potassium release property of CNK was elucidated employing membrane diffusion studies. Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls. Soils amended with reduced potassium rates (75% CNK) significantly increased the fresh‐ and dry‐biomass accumulation by 51 and 47%, respectively, in relation to positive control (100% KCl). The use of 75% CNK improved physical properties of soil by way of enhanced porosity, higher water conductivity, and enhanced friability that favoured root growth. These along with reduced dry density induced the plants to uptake higher quantities of nutrients and develop double the root biomass relative to control. Further, no deleterious effect of the nanoformulation was apparent and the treatments showed better carbon‐cycling activity. Increased fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis in these treatments demonstrated higher soil microbial activity in relation to control. CNK was hypothesized to condition the soil by cohesive bonding of soil particles, stabilizing the soil aggregates by coating them, and preventing their degradation amidst disruptive forces such as repeated watering. Sustained nutrient release synchronize with crop demands, reduced fertilizer requirement and increased productivity.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Soil amended with reduced potassium (75% CNK) increased fresh and dry biomass accumulation of maize by 51 and 47%, relative to positive control (100% KCl).
- Treatment
- reduced potassium rates (75% CNK)e1
- Outcome
- fresh‐ and dry‐biomass accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 51 and 47%e1
- Comparator
- positive control (100% KCl)e1
- Setting
- pot trialse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soils amended with reduced potassium rates (75% CNK) significantly increased the fresh‐ and dry‐biomass accumulation by 51 and 47%, respectively, in relation to positive control (100% KCl)”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
75% CNK improved soil physical properties (porosity, water conductivity and friability) in maize pot trials.
- Treatment
- 75% CNKe1
- Outcome
- physical properties of soile1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- enhanced porosity, higher water conductivity, and enhanced friabilitye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The use of 75% CNK improved physical properties of soil by way of enhanced porosity, higher water conductivity, and enhanced friability that favoured root growth”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced potassium (75% CNK) doubled maize root biomass relative to control.
- Treatment
- reduced potassium rates (75% CNK)e1
- Outcome
- root biomasse2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- doublee2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soils amended with reduced potassium rates (75% CNK) significantly increased the fresh‐ and dry‐biomass accumulation by 51 and 47%, respectively, in relation to positive control (100% KCl)”
e2“These along with reduced dry density induced the plants to uptake higher quantities of nutrients and develop double the root biomass relative to control”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced potassium (75% CNK) led plants to take up higher quantities of nutrients.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soils amended with reduced potassium rates (75% CNK) significantly increased the fresh‐ and dry‐biomass accumulation by 51 and 47%, respectively, in relation to positive control (100% KCl)”
e2“These along with reduced dry density induced the plants to uptake higher quantities of nutrients and develop double the root biomass relative to control”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
No deleterious effect of the nanoformulation on maize was apparent.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“no deleterious effect of the nanoformulation was apparent”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
The CNK-treated soils showed better carbon-cycling activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soils amended with reduced potassium rates (75% CNK) significantly increased the fresh‐ and dry‐biomass accumulation by 51 and 47%, respectively, in relation to positive control (100% KCl)”
e2“the treatments showed better carbon‐cycling activity”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
The CNK treatments increased soil microbial activity relative to control, as shown by FDA hydrolysis.
- Treatment
- these treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil microbial activitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- Increased fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysise1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Increased fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis in these treatments demonstrated higher soil microbial activity in relation to control”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
CNK may condition soil by cohesive bonding of soil particles, stabilizing soil aggregates and preventing their degradation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CNK was hypothesized to condition the soil by cohesive bonding of soil particles, stabilizing the soil aggregates by coating them, and preventing their degradation amidst disruptive forces such as repeated watering”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Sustained nutrient release increased productivity and reduced fertilizer requirement (author conclusion).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained nutrient release synchronize with crop demands, reduced fertilizer requirement and increased productivity”
e1“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
Claim · model-written summary
CNK showed a slow potassium release property in membrane diffusion studies.
- Outcome
- slow potassium release property of CNKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The slow potassium release property of CNK was elucidated employing membrane diffusion studies”
e0“Zea mays plant were tested in pot trials using different doses of K‐formulation with potassium incorporated or otherwise and compared with suitable controls”
The same questions in other papers
potassium · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
73 papers in the same direction as this paper · 22 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
92 papers more in this group
See all 96 papers →potassium · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
98 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
110 papers more in this group
See all 114 papers →potassium · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.