Abstract
Abstract Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) have so far aroused little interest as plant growth promoters or nutritional enhancers while protecting the plant against insect pests and mites. In this work, we examined the performance of Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum plants pot‐grown on two unsterilized Zn‐poor calcareous Vertisols and inoculated with Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium brunneum by application to soil or seed dressing. The effects of fungal inoculation were found to depend on crop species, soil type, sampling time and fungus application method. While the height of the control plants tended to be significantly greater than the height of inoculated plants at early and intermediate growth stages, the trend changed at more advanced plant stage of development, 56 days after sowing (DAS). This was supported by the significant increase in aerial dry matter (ADM) in T. aestivum plants treated with B. bassiana by seed dressing (17.4%) or with M. brunneum with soil application and seed dressing (20.6 and 26.9%, respectively) 69 DAS. In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield, whereas direct application to the soil slightly decreased grain yield (6.6 and 5.5%, respectively) and ADM (5.3 and 6.1%, respectively). In T. aestivum , none of the fungus–application method combinations affected yield at harvest significantly. Fungal inoculation had little influence on nutrient uptake, whereas application to soil increased Mn uptake and grain Mn concentration in T. durum . Zinc uptake was significantly increased only in T. aestivum grown on the soil with the lowest Zn content treated with M. brunneum. Grain Zn concentration tended to be inversely related to grain yield. These results support seed dressing with EF as a promising green technology for sustainable crop protection and production with no adverse effects on plant performance.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
At early and intermediate stages, control plants tended to be taller than inoculated wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- significantly greatere0
- Qualifier
- early and intermediate growth stagese0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“height of the control plants tended to be significantly greater than the height of inoculated plants at early and intermediate growth stages”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 56 DAS, the height trend reversed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- more advanced plant stage of developmente0
- Outcome
- trend changede0
- Qualifier
- 56 days after sowing (DAS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the trend changed at more advanced plant stage of development, 56 days after sowing (DAS)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana seed dressing raised T. aestivum aerial dry matter by 17.4% at 69 DAS.
- Taxon
- T. aestivumTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana by seed dressinge0
- Interactor
- B. bassiana
Beauveria bassianae0other - Outcome
- aerial dry matter (ADM)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in aerial dry matter (ADM) in T. aestivum plants treated with B. bassiana by seed dressing (17.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum soil application raised T. aestivum aerial dry matter by 20.6%.
- Taxon
- T. aestivumTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- M. brunneum with soil applicatione0
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume0other
- Outcome
- aerial dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was supported by the significant increase in aerial dry matter (ADM) in T. aestivum plants treated with B. bassiana by seed dressing (17.4%) or with M. brunneum with soil application and seed dressing (20.6 and 26.9%, respectively) 69 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum seed dressing raised T. aestivum aerial dry matter by 26.9%.
- Taxon
- T. aestivumTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- M. brunneum with soil application and seed dressinge0
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume0other
- Outcome
- aerial dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was supported by the significant increase in aerial dry matter (ADM) in T. aestivum plants treated with B. bassiana by seed dressing (17.4%) or with M. brunneum with soil application and seed dressing (20.6 and 26.9%, respectively) 69 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana seed dressing had a positive but nonsignificant effect on T. durum aerial dry matter and yield.
- Taxon
- T. durum
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- seed dressing with B. bassianae0
- Interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae0other
- Outcome
- ADM or grain yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum seed dressing had a positive but nonsignificant effect on T. durum aerial dry matter and yield.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneume0
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume0other
- Outcome
- ADM or grain yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana soil application lowered T. durum grain yield by 6.6% and aerial dry matter by 5.3%.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- application to the soile0
- Interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae0other
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield, whereas direct application to the soil slightly decreased grain yield (6.6 and 5.5%, respectively) and ADM (5.3 and 6.1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum soil application lowered T. durum grain yield by 5.5%.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- application to the soile0
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume0other
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield, whereas direct application to the soil slightly decreased grain yield (6.6 and 5.5%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana soil application lowered T. durum aerial dry matter by 5.3%.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- application to the soile0
- Interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae0other
- Outcome
- ADMe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield, whereas direct application to the soil slightly decreased grain yield (6.6 and 5.5%, respectively) and ADM (5.3 and 6.1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum soil application lowered T. durum aerial dry matter by 6.1%.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- application to the soile0
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume0other
- Outcome
- ADMe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. durum , at harvest, seed dressing with B. bassiana or M. brunneum had an overall positive but not significant effect on ADM or grain yield, whereas direct application to the soil slightly decreased grain yield (6.6 and 5.5%, respectively) and ADM (5.3 and 6.1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus application combinations did not significantly affect T. aestivum harvest yield.
- Taxon
- T. aestivumTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungus–application method combinationse0
- Outcome
- yield at harveste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In T. aestivum , none of the fungus–application method combinations affected yield at harvest significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation had little influence on nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fungal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- little influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungal inoculation had little influence on nutrient uptake”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application increased Mn uptake and grain Mn concentration in T. durum.
- Taxon
- T. durumTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- application to soile0
- Outcome
- Mn uptake and grain Mn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application to soil increased Mn uptake and grain Mn concentration in T. durum”
Claim · model-written summary
M. brunneum significantly increased Zn uptake in T. aestivum on the lowest Zn soil.
- Taxon
- T. aestivumTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- treated with M. brunneume0
- Interactor
- M. brunneumMetarhizium brunneume0other
- Outcome
- Zinc uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- soil with the lowest Zn contente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc uptake was significantly increased only in T. aestivum grown on the soil with the lowest Zn content treated with M. brunneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn concentration tended to decrease with grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
- Comparator
- grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain Zn concentration tended to be inversely related to grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support fungal seed dressing as a sustainable crop protection and production technology.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- seed dressing with EF as a promising green technology for sustainable crop protection and productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results support seed dressing with EF as a promising green technology for sustainable crop protection and production with no adverse effects on plant performance”
t0“wheat”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.