Abstract
Girdling is a traditional horticultural practice applied at fruit set or other phenological stages, and is used mostly as a vine management practice in fruit trees. In grapevines, it is used primarily for table grapes to improve berry weight, sugar content, color, and to promote early harvest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of trunk girdling applied at veraison, in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), on agronomical and physiological parameters during vine development from the onset of ripening (veraison) to harvest, and additionally to quantify the effect of girdling on primary and secondary metabolism. Girdling was applied 146 days after pruning (dap) at veraison, when berry sampling for metabolomics and agronomical evaluations commenced, with a further three sampling dates until harvest, at 156 dap (30% maturation, 10 days after girdling-dag), 181 dap (70% maturation, 35 dag), and 223 dap (commercial harvest, 77 dag). Skin/pulp and seed tissues were extracted separately and metabolomics was performed using one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR) spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries. Berry weight was reduced by 27% from 181 dap to harvest, and was significantly higher in grapes from girdled vines at 181 dap. Sugars, organic acids, and other amino acids in skin/pulp or seeds were not significantly different, possibly due to extra-fascicular phloem vessels transporting metabolites from leaves to the roots. Using a metabolomics approach, differences between skin/pulp and seeds tissues were meaningful, and a greater number of secondary metabolites in skin/pulp was affected by girdling than in seeds. Girdling is a simple technique that could easily be applied commercially on vine management to improve berry color and other phenolics in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling increased stomatal conductance at harvest.
VitisNot reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling decreased glutamine concentration at harvest.
- Organ / stage
- skin/pulp tissuese0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- glutamine concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling increased anthocyanin concentration in skin and pulp at harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling increased flavonol concentration in skin and pulp at harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Berry weight declined 27% from 181 days after pruning to harvest.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Berry weight was reduced by 27% from 181 dap to harvest, and was significantly higher in grapes from girdled vines at 181 dap.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdled vines had significantly higher berry weight at 181 days after pruning.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Berry weight was reduced by 27% from 181 dap to harvest, and was significantly higher in grapes from girdled vines at 181 dap.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugars, organic acids and other amino acids did not significantly differ with girdling.
- Organ / stage
- skin/pulp or seedse0
- Treatment
- girdlinge1
- Outcome
- Sugars, organic acids, and other amino acidse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sugars, organic acids, and other amino acids in skin/pulp or seeds were not significantly different”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling affected more secondary metabolites in skin and pulp than in seeds.
- Organ / stage
- skin/pulpe0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- number of secondary metabolitese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a greater number of secondary metabolites in skin/pulp was affected by girdling than in seeds”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
e1“At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose commercial girdling to improve berry color and phenolics.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Girdling is a simple technique that could easily be applied commercially on vine management to improve berry color and other phenolics in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes.”
t0“Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines”
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See all 107 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.