Abstract
The grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is managed to balance the ratio of leaf area (source) to fruit mass (sink). Over cropping in the grapevine may reveal itself as spontaneous fruit abortion, delayed ripening, or as alternate bearing. The aim of this work was to study the same season and carry-over effects of manipulating source to sink ratios on grapevine phenology, leaf gas exchange, yield components, berry soluble solids accumulation, and reserve carbohydrate and soluble sugar concentration in roots. Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were subjected to defoliation (33, 66, and 100% of the leaves retained) and fruit removal treatments (33, 66, and 100% of clusters retained) arranged in a factorial design. Results from two seasons of source-sink manipulations were substantially different. In both seasons defoliation treatments affected season-long net carbon assimilation ( A N ) and stomatal conductance ( g s ) where the less leaves were retained, the greater the A N and g s , and fruit removal had no impact on leaf gas exchange. In the first season, leaf area to fruit mass was hardly related to berry soluble solids and in the second season they were strongly correlated, suggesting a degree of acclimation. Defoliation treatments had great impacts on berry size, berries per cluster, and total soluble solids in both years. Fruit removal treatments only had effects on berry mass and berries per cluster in the first season, and only on berry soluble solids in the second. The predominant effect of defoliation (carbon starvation) cascaded onto reducing root starch content, root mass and delaying of veraison and leaf senescence, as well as harvest which was delayed up to 9 weeks with 33% of the leaves retained. In a third season, where grapevines grew without treatments, defoliation treatments had resultant carryover effects, including reduced leaf area, number of berries per cluster, clusters per vine, and yield, but not on leaf gas exchange dependent on previous seasons' severity of defoliation. Balancing source-to-sink ratio is crucial to obtain an adequate speed of ripening. However, this was the culmination of a more complex whole-plant regulation where the number of leaves (source strength) outweighed the effects of fruits (sink strength).
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Greater defoliation increased net carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance in both seasons.
- Treatment
- defoliation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- net carbon assimilation ( A N ) and stomatal conductance ( g s )e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- In both seasonse0
- Comparator
- less leaves were retainede0
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons defoliation treatments affected season-long net carbon assimilation ( A N ) and stomatal conductance ( g s ) where the less leaves were retained, the greater the A N and g s”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit removal had no impact on leaf gas exchange in both seasons.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit removal had no impact on leaf gas exchange.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area to fruit mass was hardly related to berry soluble solids in the first season.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first season, leaf area to fruit mass was hardly related to berry soluble solids and in the second season they were strongly correlated, suggesting a degree of acclimation.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area to fruit mass strongly correlated with berry soluble solids in the second season, suggesting acclimation.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- berry soluble solidse0
- Qualifier
- in the second season they were strongly correlated, suggesting a degree of acclimatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first season, leaf area to fruit mass was hardly related to berry soluble solids and in the second season they were strongly correlated, suggesting a degree of acclimation.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation greatly affected berry size, berries per cluster and total soluble solids in both years.
- Treatment
- Defoliation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- berry size, berries per cluster, and total soluble solidse0
- Qualifier
- in both yearse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defoliation treatments had great impacts on berry size, berries per cluster, and total soluble solids in both years.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit removal affected berry mass and berries per cluster only in the first season.
- Treatment
- Fruit removal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- berry mass and berries per clustere0
- Qualifier
- in the first seasone0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit removal treatments only had effects on berry mass and berries per cluster in the first season, and only on berry soluble solids in the second.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit removal affected berry soluble solids only in the second season.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit removal treatments only had effects on berry mass and berries per cluster in the first season, and only on berry soluble solids in the second.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation reduced root starch content and root mass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predominant effect of defoliation (carbon starvation) cascaded onto reducing root starch content, root mass and delaying of veraison and leaf senescence”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation delayed veraison and leaf senescence.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predominant effect of defoliation (carbon starvation) cascaded onto reducing root starch content, root mass and delaying of veraison and leaf senescence”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest was delayed up to 9 weeks with 33% of leaves retained.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harvest which was delayed up to 9 weeks with 33% of the leaves retained.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior defoliation reduced leaf area, berries per cluster and clusters per vine in the untreated third season.
- Treatment
- defoliation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf area, number of berries per cluster, clusters per vinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- In a third season, where grapevines grew without treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a third season, where grapevines grew without treatments, defoliation treatments had resultant carryover effects, including reduced leaf area, number of berries per cluster, clusters per vine, and yield, but not on leaf gas exchange dependent on previous seasons' severity of defoliation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior defoliation reduced yield in the third season.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a third season, where grapevines grew without treatments, defoliation treatments had resultant carryover effects, including reduced leaf area, number of berries per cluster, clusters per vine, and yield, but not on leaf gas exchange dependent on previous seasons' severity of defoliation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior defoliation had no carryover effect on leaf gas exchange.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a third season, where grapevines grew without treatments, defoliation treatments had resultant carryover effects, including reduced leaf area, number of berries per cluster, clusters per vine, and yield, but not on leaf gas exchange dependent on previous seasons' severity of defoliation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Balancing source-to-sink ratio is crucial for adequate ripening speed.
- Outcome
- Balancing source-to-sink ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Balancing source-to-sink ratio is crucial to obtain an adequate speed of ripening.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf source strength outweighed fruit sink strength in whole-plant regulation.
- Outcome
- whole-plant regulatione0
- Qualifier
- the number of leaves (source strength) outweighed the effects of fruits (sink strength)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was the culmination of a more complex whole-plant regulation where the number of leaves (source strength) outweighed the effects of fruits (sink strength).”
t0“Grapevine”
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