Abstract
We investigated Bambara groundnut, groundnut, mung bean, cowpea and black gram for use as biofertilizers in cropping systems. The 15N natural abundance technique was used to measure N2 fixation in this study. The percent N derived from fixation by mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.), black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L was 98, 83, 79, 66 and 45% respectively. Nitrogen contribution by these legumes was 83, 67, 39, 36 and 32 kg.ha-1 respectively for Bambara groundnut, groundnut, mung bean, black gram and cowpea. Maize grain yield without N fertilizer was 2449, 2291, 2204, 2046 and 1671 kg.ha-1 respectively for maize following groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, black gram and maize. Grain yield increase of maize after legumes without N fertilizer was 47, 46, 37, 32 and 22% respectively for groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, and black gram. Supplying N0 up to N60 to maize plants increased shoot DM from 3264 to 4279 kg.ha-1, yield grain from 2184 to 3586 kg.ha-1, and whole-plant DM from 5448 to 7865 kg.ha-1, which represented 31, 64 and 44% increase with N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1. Symbiotic N benefit of preceding legumes to maize without N fertilizer was 20 to 40 kg N. ha-1 in fertilizer equivalents. The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize. There was 225, 222, 180, 154 and 108% increase in marginal returns of maize after groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean and black gram respectively without N fertilizer.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Mung bean derived 98% of its N from fixation.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0 - Outcome
- percent N derived from fixatione0
- Value
- 98e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The percent N derived from fixation by mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.), black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L was 98, 83, 79, 66 and 45% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bambara groundnut derived 83% of its N from fixation.
- Taxon
- Bambara groundnut
Vigna subterraneae0 - Outcome
- percent N derived from fixatione0
- Value
- 83e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percent N derived from fixation by mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.), black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L was 98, 83, 79, 66 and 45% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea derived 79% of its N from fixation.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Outcome
- percent N derived from fixatione0
- Value
- 79e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percent N derived from fixation by mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.), black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L was 98, 83, 79, 66 and 45% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Black gram derived 66% of its N from fixation.
- Taxon
- black gram
Vigna mungoe0 - Outcome
- percent N derived from fixatione0
- Value
- 66e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percent N derived from fixation by mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.), black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L was 98, 83, 79, 66 and 45% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut derived 45% of its N from fixation.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Outcome
- percent N derived from fixatione0
- Value
- 45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percent N derived from fixation by mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.), black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L was 98, 83, 79, 66 and 45% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut as preceding crop increased maize grain yield without N fertilizer by 47% relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- groundnute0
- Outcome
- Grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 47e0
- Qualifier
- without N fertilizere0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield increase of maize after legumes without N fertilizer was 47, 46, 37, 32 and 22% respectively for groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, and black gram”
e1“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Bambara groundnut as preceding crop increased maize grain yield without N fertilizer by 46% relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- Bambara groundnute0
- Outcome
- Grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 46e0
- Qualifier
- without N fertilizere0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield increase of maize after legumes without N fertilizer was 47, 46, 37, 32 and 22% respectively for groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, and black gram”
e1“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea as preceding crop increased maize grain yield without N fertilizer by 37% relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- cowpeae0
- Outcome
- Grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 37e0
- Qualifier
- without N fertilizere0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield increase of maize after legumes without N fertilizer was 47, 46, 37, 32 and 22% respectively for groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, and black gram”
e1“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mung bean as preceding crop increased maize grain yield without N fertilizer by 32% relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- mung beane0
- Outcome
- Grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 32e0
- Qualifier
- without N fertilizere0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield increase of maize after legumes without N fertilizer was 47, 46, 37, 32 and 22% respectively for groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, and black gram”
e1“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Black gram as preceding crop increased maize grain yield without N fertilizer by 22% relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- black grame0
- Outcome
- Grain yield increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22e0
- Qualifier
- without N fertilizere0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield increase of maize after legumes without N fertilizer was 47, 46, 37, 32 and 22% respectively for groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, and black gram”
e1“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplying N0 to N60 increased maize shoot dry matter from 3264 to 4279 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- shoot DMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3264 to 4279 kg.ha-1e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplying N0 up to N60 to maize plants increased shoot DM from 3264 to 4279 kg.ha-1, yield grain from 2184 to 3586 kg.ha-1, and whole-plant DM from 5448 to 7865 kg.ha-1, which represented 31, 64 and 44% increase with N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplying N0 to N60 increased maize grain yield from 2184 to 3586 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yield graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2184 to 3586 kg.ha-1e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplying N0 up to N60 to maize plants increased shoot DM from 3264 to 4279 kg.ha-1, yield grain from 2184 to 3586 kg.ha-1, and whole-plant DM from 5448 to 7865 kg.ha-1, which represented 31, 64 and 44% increase with N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplying N0 to N60 increased maize whole-plant dry matter from 5448 to 7865 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- whole-plant DMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5448 to 7865 kg.ha-1e0
- Comparator
- N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplying N0 up to N60 to maize plants increased shoot DM from 3264 to 4279 kg.ha-1, yield grain from 2184 to 3586 kg.ha-1, and whole-plant DM from 5448 to 7865 kg.ha-1, which represented 31, 64 and 44% increase with N fertilizer supply from 0 to 60 kg N ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Preceding legumes gave maize a symbiotic N benefit of 20 to 40 kg N/ha in fertilizer equivalents without N fertilizer.
- Treatment
- preceding legumese0
- Outcome
- Symbiotic N benefite0
- Value
- 20 to 40 kg N. ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- in fertilizer equivalentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiotic N benefit of preceding legumes to maize without N fertilizer was 20 to 40 kg N. ha-1 in fertilizer equivalents”
Claim · model-written summary
Preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca and S in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- preceding legumese0
- Outcome
- grain concentrations of P, Ca, Se0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in zero-N plotse0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize.
- Treatment
- preceding legumese0
- Outcome
- Fe, Mn and Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in zero-N plotse0
- Comparator
- maize after maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The preceding legumes increased maize grain concentrations of P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn in zero-N plots relative to maize after maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Marginal returns of maize after groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean and black gram rose by 225%, 222%, 180%, 154% and 108% respectively without N fertilizer.
- Outcome
- marginal returnse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 225, 222, 180, 154 and 108%e0
- Qualifier
- without N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was 225, 222, 180, 154 and 108% increase in marginal returns of maize after groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean and black gram respectively without N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Legumes grown before maize contributed 83, 67, 39, 36 and 32 kg N/ha.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen contribution by these legumes was 83, 67, 39, 36 and 32 kg.ha-1 respectively for Bambara groundnut, groundnut, mung bean, black gram and cowpea”
t0“N2-Fixing Grain Legumes to Cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield without N fertilizer was 2449, 2291, 2204, 2046 and 1671 kg/ha after the five preceding crops and after maize.
- Outcome
- Maize grain yield without N fertilizere0
- Value
- 2449, 2291, 2204, 2046 and 1671 kg.ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- following groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, black gram and maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize grain yield without N fertilizer was 2449, 2291, 2204, 2046 and 1671 kg.ha-1 respectively for maize following groundnut, Bambara groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, black gram and maize”
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