Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of long-term treatment of varied concentrations of saline aerosols and salt deposition rates applied during different developmental stages on growth, composition and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean plants were subjected to saline aerosols four hours daily during the periods of treatment. Wind-tunnel treatments: Plants were treated during the vegetative stage for two weeks starting at two weeks age, for four weeks during vegetative and flowering stages, and during the flowering stage for two weeks starting at four weeks age. A 1% NaCl solution foliar spray was applied at deposition rates of 0.52 and 1.35 ug Na(.)m('-2)(.)sec('-1). Plants harvested after vegetative stage showed growth stimulation at the lower salt deposition rate. Plants treated continuously were stimulated in the vegetative growth but decreased in dry weight of flowers. Treatment only during the flowering stage reduced growth of flowers at the higher deposition rate. Na and Cl contents of tissue were increased by all spray treatments. Treatment in sedimentation chambers with NaCl: Plants treated at deposition rates of 0.35 and 0.71 ug Na(.)m('-2)(.)sec('-1) during the vegetative-fruiting stage, three to six weeks, had reduced growth. Plants treated through the vegetative-fruiting and fruit-development stages, three to nine weeks, had maximum reduction in pod and seed growth at the higher deposition rate. Treatment of plants only during the fruit-development stage, six to nine weeks, resulted in a slight reduction of pod and seed production. Plants treated only during the vegetative-fruiting stage and placed in the control during the fruit-development stage, had reduced pod and seed production. All NaCl treatments increased Na and Cl contents in tissue. Treatments in sedimentation chambers with NaCl, N-P-K or distilled H(,2)O mists were made at a deposition rate of 5 ug Na(.)m('-2)(.)sec('-1), and nutrient solution (11-3.4-4) at solution concentrations of 2 and 1% with corresponding deposition rates of 2.5 and 1.25 ug K(.)m('-2)(.)sec('-1) during the vegetative-fruiting and fruit-development stages, respectively. Within NaCl treatments, plants harvested after the vegetative-fruiting stage had increased fresh weight of leaves, plants treated continuously had reduced seed weight 61%, those treated only during the fruit-development stage had no effect on seed weight but plants treated only during the vegetative-fruiting stage (plants placed in the control during the fruit-development stage) resulted in the most reduction in seed weight 71%. Tissue contents of Na and Cl increased and NH(,4)-N decreased. Within N-P-K treatments, continuous or only during the fruit-development stage seed weight was slightly increased, but treatment only during the vegetative-fruiting stage (plants placed in the control during the fruit-development stage) reduced seed yields 18%. N-P-K spray maintained optimum NH(,4)-N, K and P content in the tissue.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Lower salt deposition stimulated growth after vegetative treatment.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Organ / stage
- vegetative stagee0
- Treatment
- lower salt deposition ratee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants harvested after vegetative stage showed growth stimulation at the lower salt deposition rate.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous salt treatment stimulated vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated continuouslye0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated continuously were stimulated in the vegetative growth but decreased in dry weight of flowers.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous salt treatment decreased flower dry weight.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated continuouslye0
- Outcome
- dry weight of flowerse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated continuously were stimulated in the vegetative growth but decreased in dry weight of flowers.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-stage salt treatment at the higher rate reduced flower growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Treatment only during the flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- growth of flowerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- higher deposition ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment only during the flowering stage reduced growth of flowers at the higher deposition rate.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
All spray treatments increased tissue sodium and chloride.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- all spray treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Na and Cl contents of tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na and Cl contents of tissue were increased by all spray treatments.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-fruiting NaCl treatment reduced growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- deposition rates of 0.35 and 0.71 ug Na(.)m('-2)(.)sec('-1)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated at deposition rates of 0.35 and 0.71 ug Na(.)m('-2)(.)sec('-1) during the vegetative-fruiting stage, three to six weeks, had reduced growth.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Extended treatment at the higher rate maximally reduced pod and seed growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated through the vegetative-fruiting and fruit-development stagese0
- Outcome
- pod and seed growthe0
- Direction
- maximum reductione0
- Qualifier
- higher deposition ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated through the vegetative-fruiting and fruit-development stages, three to nine weeks, had maximum reduction in pod and seed growth at the higher deposition rate.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit-development treatment slightly reduced pod and seed production.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- only during the fruit-development stagee0
- Outcome
- pod and seed productione0
- Direction
- slight reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of plants only during the fruit-development stage, six to nine weeks, resulted in a slight reduction of pod and seed production.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-fruiting treatment followed by control reduced pod and seed production.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated only during the vegetative-fruiting stagee0
- Outcome
- pod and seed productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated only during the vegetative-fruiting stage and placed in the control during the fruit-development stage, had reduced pod and seed production.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
All NaCl treatments increased tissue sodium and chloride.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- All NaCl treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Na and Cl contents in tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All NaCl treatments increased Na and Cl contents in tissue.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-fruiting NaCl treatment increased leaf fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fresh weight of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within NaCl treatments, plants harvested after the vegetative-fruiting stage had increased fresh weight of leaves”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous NaCl treatment reduced seed weight 61%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated continuouslye0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated continuously had reduced seed weight 61%”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl only during fruit development had no effect on seed weight.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated only during the fruit-development stagee0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those treated only during the fruit-development stage had no effect on seed weight”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-fruiting NaCl treatment reduced seed weight 71%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treated only during the vegetative-fruiting stagee0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- most reductione0
- Value
- 71%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated only during the vegetative-fruiting stage (plants placed in the control during the fruit-development stage) resulted in the most reduction in seed weight 71%.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased tissue sodium and chloride.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- Na and Cle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tissue contents of Na and Cl increased and NH(,4)-N decreased.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl decreased tissue ammonium nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- NH(,4)-Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tissue contents of Na and Cl increased and NH(,4)-N decreased.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous or fruit-development-only N-P-K spray slightly increased seed weight.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- N-P-K treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- slightly increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within N-P-K treatments, continuous or only during the fruit-development stage seed weight was slightly increased”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-fruiting N-P-K treatment reduced seed yield 18%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- treatment only during the vegetative-fruiting stagee0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment only during the vegetative-fruiting stage (plants placed in the control during the fruit-development stage) reduced seed yields 18%.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
N-P-K spray maintained optimum tissue ammonium nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- N-P-K spraye0
- Outcome
- NH(,4)-N, K and P content in the tissuee0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N-P-K spray maintained optimum NH(,4)-N, K and P content in the tissue.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
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