Response of iron and zinc fortification on growth, yield and quality of spinach

Abstract

A field experiment entitled “Studies on effect of fortification of soil by iron and zinc on nutritional quality of spinach” was conducted during Rabi season 2017-18 with the collaboration of experimental farm, Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and eight. The results clearly indicated that various growth and yield parameters like plant height (26.03 cm), number of leaves (13.93 no. of leaves plant-1), fresh leaf yield (232.90 q ha-1) and dry matter yield (32.74 q ha-1) was increased due to fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDF. The highest protein content (3.78 g 100 g-1) and vitamin C (41.73 mg 100 g-1) was recorded by fortification of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 along with RDF.

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Claims 6

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Iron and zinc fortification increased plant height to 26.03 cm.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDFe0
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 26.03 cme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Spinacia oleracea* · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“plant height (26.03 cm), number of leaves (13.93 no. of leaves plant-1), fresh leaf yield (232.90 q ha-1) and dry matter yield (32.74 q ha-1) was increased due to fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 459–682 · show in text ↑

t0
“spinach”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–79 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Fortification increased leaf number to 13.93 per plant.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDFe0
Outcome: number of leavese0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 13.93 no. of leaves plant-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“plant height (26.03 cm), number of leaves (13.93 no. of leaves plant-1), fresh leaf yield (232.90 q ha-1) and dry matter yield (32.74 q ha-1) was increased due to fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 459–682 · show in text ↑

t0
“spinach”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–79 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Fortification increased fresh leaf yield to 232.90 q ha-1.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDFe0
Outcome: fresh leaf yielde0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 232.90 q ha-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“plant height (26.03 cm), number of leaves (13.93 no. of leaves plant-1), fresh leaf yield (232.90 q ha-1) and dry matter yield (32.74 q ha-1) was increased due to fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 459–682 · show in text ↑

t0
“spinach”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–79 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Fortification increased dry matter yield to 32.74 q ha-1.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDFe0
Outcome: dry matter yielde0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 32.74 q ha-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“plant height (26.03 cm), number of leaves (13.93 no. of leaves plant-1), fresh leaf yield (232.90 q ha-1) and dry matter yield (32.74 q ha-1) was increased due to fortification of graded levels of iron and zinc with the RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 459–682 · show in text ↑

t0
“spinach”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–79 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

FeSO4 and ZnSO4 with RDF produced the highest protein content, 3.78 g 100 g-1.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: fortification of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 along with RDFe0
Outcome: protein contente0
Direction: higheste0
Value: 3.78 g 100 g-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The highest protein content (3.78 g 100 g-1) and vitamin C (41.73 mg 100 g-1) was recorded by fortification of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 along with RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 684–825 · show in text ↑

t0
“spinach”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–79 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

FeSO4 and ZnSO4 with RDF produced the highest vitamin C, 41.73 mg 100 g-1.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: fortification of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 along with RDFe0
Outcome: vitamin Ce0
Direction: higheste0
Value: 41.73 mg 100 g-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The highest protein content (3.78 g 100 g-1) and vitamin C (41.73 mg 100 g-1) was recorded by fortification of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 along with RDF”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 684–825 · show in text ↑

t0
“spinach”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–79 · show in text ↑

zinc atom · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ

12 papers: 6 positive, 6 negative or no effect

5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction

negative
Spinach showed visible growth depression at 800 lbs. Zn per acre.
Zinc accumulation characteristics of some leafy vegetables · 1971
Opposite direction
no effect
Zinc application did not affect dry weight except with zeolite plus vermicompost.
Zinc Uptake by Spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) as Affected by Zn Application Rate, Zeolite, and Vermicompost · 2016
Opposite direction
negative
40 mg L-1 Zn reduced spinach leaf area by 78.82%.
Growth of spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.) exposed to excess zinc and manganese · 2012 · compared with control
Opposite direction

8 papers more in this group

See all 12 papers →

zinc atom · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

7 papers: 5 positive, 2 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

negative
Repeated zinc applications depressed yield from the fifth through eleventh crops.
Crop Responses to Some Micronutrients and Sodium on Sphagnum Peat Soil · 1964
Opposite direction
negative
At 300 mg kg−1 zinc, aboveground biomass yield decreased 33.3%.
The Dual Role of Zinc in Spinach Metabolism: Beneficial × Toxic · 2024
Opposite direction
positive
The largest spinach yields came from 150 mg Zn kg−1 and 0.20 g N kg−1.
Effects of Zinc and Nitrogen on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Composition of Spinach Grown in Calcareous Soil · 2012
Same direction

3 papers more in this group

See all 7 papers →

iron atom · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

8 papers: 7 positive, 1 negative or no effect

6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

positive
Increasing Fe doses through 120 µM increased yield of dry matter.
Effects of iron fortification on growth and nutrient amounts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) · 2021
Same directionCites this paper
negative
The highest Fe and Mn dose reduced spinach yields to minimum levels.
To study the interaction effect of Fe×Mn on yield, chemical composition and nutrient uptake at various cuttings of spinach plants and grain, straw at maturity · 2020
Opposite direction
positive
Combined foliar application improved yield.
Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) · 2022
Same direction

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

iron atom · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree

9 papers: 9 positive, 0 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Increasing Fe doses through 120 µM increased growth of the plants.
Effects of iron fortification on growth and nutrient amounts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) · 2021
Same directionCites this paper
positive
Shoot length improved by 16.9% and 26.9% at Cr35 and Cr70.
Effect of foliar application of Fe and banana peel waste biochar on growth, chlorophyll content and accessory pigments synthesis in spinach under chromium (IV) toxicity · 2019 · compared with control
Same direction
positive
Combined foliar application improved growth characteristics.
Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) · 2022
Same direction

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

fertilization · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ

79 papers: 68 positive, 11 negative or no effect

67 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
P did not significantly change spinach yields.
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Plant Growth and Nitrate Accumulation in Vegetables · 2004
Opposite direction
no effect
Spinach yield did not differ between commercial and wool fertilizers at equal nitrogen rates.
Wool Pellets Are a Viable Alternative to Commercial Fertilizer for Organic Vegetable Production · 2022 · compared with commercial
Opposite direction
no effect
Soil iodine fertilization, alone or with sucrose, did not significantly affect spinach yield or the level of nitrate(III).
INFLUENCE OF IODINE FERTILIZATION AND SOIL APPLICATION OF SUCROSE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IODINE BIOFORTIFICATION, YIELD, NITROGEN METABOLISM AND BIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SPINACH · 2011
Opposite direction

75 papers more in this group

See all 79 papers →

fertilization · quality: phytochemicals · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

12 papers: 7 positive, 5 negative or no effect

6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Organic compost and inorganic nitrogen did not affect petiole antioxidant activity.
Effect of organic compost and inorganic nitrogen fertigation on spinach growth, phytochemical accumulation and antioxidant activity · 2020
Opposite direction
negative
Soil amendment reduced phenolics and flavonoids and lowered antioxidant capacity.
Vermicompost Affects Soil Properties and Spinach Growth, Physiology, and Nutritional Value · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Urea with foliar 10% sucrose did not reduce vitamin C and mineral contents of spinach against the corresponding control.
The Role of Different Nitrogen Sources Combined with Foliar Applications of Molybdenum, Selenium or Sucrose in Improving Growth and Quality of )Edible Parts of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. · 1970 · compared with corresponding control
Opposite direction

8 papers more in this group

See all 12 papers →

fertilization · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

79 papers: 71 positive, 8 negative or no effect

70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Adding 10 g CS/100 g lowered spinach plant growth compared with the lower CS levels.
Effect of Cattle Slurry on the Growth of Spinach Plants in Cd-contaminated Soil · 2020 · compared with lower CS levels
Opposite direction
no effect
Spinach biomass did not differ by nitrogen fertilizer form.
How does nitrogen fertilizer forms, dose and soil Pb pollution affect spinach qualities? · 2008
Opposite direction
no effect
Growth rate did not differ between the organic and conventional fertilization methods.
356 Composition of Leafy Greens as Affected by Season and Conventional or Organic Fertilization · 2000
Opposite direction

75 papers more in this group

See all 79 papers →

fertilization · quality: protein · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Fertilization treatments improved the raw protein content of spinach compared with the control.
Effects of poultry manure and mineral fertilizers on the quality of crops · 1992 · compared with control
Same direction
positive
Increasing nitrogen increased spinach N, protein and P content.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Foliar Application of Amino Acid on Growth, Yield and Nutritional Value of Spinach Plants · 2020 · compared with increment of N fertilization levels
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 6

The same questions in other papers

zinc atom · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ

zinc atom · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

iron atom · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

iron atom · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree

fertilization · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ

fertilization · quality: phytochemicals · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

fertilization · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results

fertilization · quality: protein · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree