Abstract
Drying is an essential unit operation in the food industry, with novel technologies introduced day after day. This study aimed to investigate different drying methods of apple using the continuous microwave, pulsed microwave (PM), and convective hot-air (CH) with and without ultrasound (U) pretreatment. Results showed that simultaneous U – PM – CH drying significantly reduced drying time. Shrinkage of the samples decreased when microwave power and pulse ratio were increased. Bulk density reduced by increasing the U duration and pulse ratio. The maximum raise in rehydration (39.35%) was seen in the dried samples pretreated at a higher U duration (30 min). By raising the U time and microwave power, specific energy consumption reduced by 30.05 and 41.36%, respectively. Overall, the U – PM – CH drying enhanced the quality of the dried apples and could be suggested for commercial drying industries.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined ultrasound, pulsed microwave and convective drying significantly reduced drying time.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- simultaneous U – PM – CH dryinge0
- Outcome
- drying timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous U – PM – CH drying significantly reduced drying time”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher microwave power decreased shrinkage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- microwave powere0
- Outcome
- Shrinkage of the samplese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shrinkage of the samples decreased when microwave power and pulse ratio were increased”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher pulse ratio decreased shrinkage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pulse ratioe0
- Outcome
- Shrinkage of the samplese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shrinkage of the samples decreased when microwave power and pulse ratio were increased”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer ultrasound duration reduced bulk density.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- U duratione0
- Outcome
- Bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bulk density reduced by increasing the U duration and pulse ratio”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher pulse ratio reduced bulk density.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pulse ratioe0
- Outcome
- Bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bulk density reduced by increasing the U duration and pulse ratio”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty minute ultrasound pretreatment produced the maximum 39.35% rehydration increase.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- higher U duration (30 min)e0
- Outcome
- rehydratione0
- Direction
- maximum raisee0
- Value
- 39.35%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum raise in rehydration (39.35%) was seen in the dried samples pretreated at a higher U duration (30 min)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ultrasound time reduced specific energy consumption by 30.05%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- U timee0
- Outcome
- specific energy consumptione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30.05e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By raising the U time and microwave power, specific energy consumption reduced by 30.05 and 41.36%, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing microwave power reduced specific energy consumption by 41.36%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- microwave powere0
- Outcome
- specific energy consumptione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41.36%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By raising the U time and microwave power, specific energy consumption reduced by 30.05 and 41.36%, respectively”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drying enhanced dried apple quality.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- U – PM – CH dryinge0
- Outcome
- quality of the dried applese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the U – PM – CH drying enhanced the quality of the dried apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest combined drying for commercial drying industries.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- suggested for commercial drying industriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“could be suggested for commercial drying industries”
t0“Apple”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
- no effect
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See all 11 papers →processing · quality: postharvest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
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See all 38 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.