Abstract
Drought at the grain filling stage of wheat will cause premature leaf senescence, thus leading to considerable loss of wheat yield. Therefore, this paper aims to establish a cultivation technology for strong drought resistance, delayed senescence, and yield improvement based on the analysis of hormones homeostasis obtained by applying chemical control substances. Experiments were conducted with two genotypes of wheat. Four water irrigation treatments were applied to impose the water deficit, including well-watered control treatment (WW), mild water deficit (MiWD), moderate water deficit (MoWD), and severe water deficit (SWD). Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) was sprayed on the plants at the anthesis stage of the wheat. As a result, exogenous ABA reduced initial senescence rate (r0), total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal), rapid senescence phase (Chlloss), and the accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M) but improved the persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leaves under all of the four treatments. However, exogenous ABA produced inconsistent effects on photoassimilate relocation and grain weight under different treatments. It produced positive regulatory effects on grain weight under WW, MiWD, and MoWD treatments. On the one hand, spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves reduced the ratios of zeatin to gibberellin (Z/GA3), spermine to spermidine (Spm/Spd), and salicylic acid to ABA (SA/ABA), which prolonged active photosynthesis by stimulating high level of proline (Pro) and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, drought tolerance was enhanced, and more photosynthetic assimilates were accumulated. On the other hand, the rapid senescence phase and the transport rate of assimilates into grains were accelerated, resulting in higher grain weight, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). However, under SWD treatment, exogenous ABA improved the ratio of SA/ABA, leading to low Pro content and low antioxidant enzyme activity of flag leaves in the rapid loss phase. Meanwhile, drought resistance declined and the transport duration of assimilates into grains was shortened, thus making photosynthetic assimilates redundant. Therefore, exogenous ABA can lead to the reduction in grain weight, yield, and WUE of wheat under SWD treatment.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
ABA reduced initial senescence rate of wheat flag leaves under all four water regimes.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- initial senescence rate (r0)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA reduced initial senescence rate (r0), total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal), rapid senescence phase (Chlloss), and the accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M) but improved the persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leaves under all of the four treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA reduced total duration of chlorophyll in wheat flag leaves under all four water regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA reduced initial senescence rate (r0), total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal), rapid senescence phase (Chlloss), and the accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M) but improved the persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leaves under all of the four treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA reduced the rapid senescence phase of wheat flag leaves under all four water regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- rapid senescence phase (Chlloss)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA reduced initial senescence rate (r0), total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal), rapid senescence phase (Chlloss), and the accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M) but improved the persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leaves under all of the four treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA reduced accumulated temperature at the senescence inflection point under all four water regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA reduced initial senescence rate (r0), total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal), rapid senescence phase (Chlloss), and the accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M) but improved the persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leaves under all of the four treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA improved the flag-leaf persistence phase under all four water regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA reduced initial senescence rate (r0), total duration of chlorophyll (Chltotal), rapid senescence phase (Chlloss), and the accumulated temperature at an inflection point (M) but improved the persistence phase (Chlper) of flag leaves under all of the four treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA affected photoassimilate relocation inconsistently across water treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- photoassimilate relocatione0
- Qualifier
- under different treatmentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA produced inconsistent effects on photoassimilate relocation and grain weight under different treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased wheat grain weight under well-watered, mild and moderate deficit treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe1
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- under WW, MiWD, and MoWD treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It produced positive regulatory effects on grain weight under WW, MiWD, and MoWD treatments”
e1“exogenous ABA produced inconsistent effects on photoassimilate relocation and grain weight under different treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA spraying reduced the zeatin-to-gibberellin ratio during the flag-leaf persistence phase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe0
- Outcome
- ratios of zeatin to gibberellin (Z/GA3)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves reduced the ratios of zeatin to gibberellin (Z/GA3), spermine to spermidine (Spm/Spd), and salicylic acid to ABA (SA/ABA)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA spraying reduced the spermine-to-spermidine ratio during the flag-leaf persistence phase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe0
- Outcome
- spermine to spermidine (Spm/Spd)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves reduced the ratios of zeatin to gibberellin (Z/GA3), spermine to spermidine (Spm/Spd), and salicylic acid to ABA (SA/ABA)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA spraying reduced the salicylic-acid-to-ABA ratio during the flag-leaf persistence phase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid to ABA (SA/ABA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves reduced the ratios of zeatin to gibberellin (Z/GA3), spermine to spermidine (Spm/Spd), and salicylic acid to ABA (SA/ABA)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA stimulated a high proline level and increased antioxidant enzyme activities, prolonging photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Compound
- proline (Pro)e0
- Outcome
- active photosynthesise0
- Direction
- prolongede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prolonged active photosynthesis by stimulating high level of proline (Pro) and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA enhanced drought tolerance and increased accumulated photosynthetic assimilates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe1
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, drought tolerance was enhanced, and more photosynthetic assimilates were accumulated”
e1“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased accumulated photosynthetic assimilates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic assimilatese0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more photosynthetic assimilates were accumulated”
e1“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA accelerated the rapid senescence phase and the rate of assimilate transport into grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe1
- Outcome
- transport rate of assimilates into grainse0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rapid senescence phase and the transport rate of assimilates into grains were accelerated”
e1“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased grain weight, yield and water use efficiency under the less severe water regimes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying ABAe2
- Outcome
- grain weight, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under WW, MiWD, and MoWD treatmentse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in higher grain weight, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE)”
e1“under WW, MiWD, and MoWD treatments”
e2“spraying ABA during the persistence phase of flag leaves”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water deficit, ABA increased the salicylic-acid-to-ABA ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- ratio of SA/ABAe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under SWD treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under SWD treatment, exogenous ABA improved the ratio of SA/ABA”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water deficit, ABA was associated with low proline and antioxidant enzyme activity in flag leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe1
- Outcome
- Pro content and low antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- under SWD treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to low Pro content and low antioxidant enzyme activity of flag leaves in the rapid loss phase”
e1“under SWD treatment, exogenous ABA improved the ratio of SA/ABA”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water deficit, drought resistance declined and assimilate transport duration shortened.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe1
- Outcome
- drought resistancee0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- under SWD treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought resistance declined and the transport duration of assimilates into grains was shortened”
e1“under SWD treatment, exogenous ABA improved the ratio of SA/ABA”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water deficit, ABA shortened assimilate transport into grain and left photosynthetic assimilates redundant.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe1
- Outcome
- transport duration of assimilates into grainse0
- Direction
- shortenede0
- Qualifier
- under SWD treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transport duration of assimilates into grains was shortened, thus making photosynthetic assimilates redundant”
e1“under SWD treatment, exogenous ABA improved the ratio of SA/ABA”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA reduced wheat grain weight, yield and water use efficiency under severe water deficit.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Outcome
- grain weight, yield, and WUEe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- under SWD treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous ABA can lead to the reduction in grain weight, yield, and WUE of wheat under SWD treatment”
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See all 9 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.