Abstract
BACKGROUND: As a heavy metal, manganese (Mn) can be toxic to plants. Stylo (Stylosanthes) is an important tropical legume that exhibits tolerance to high levels of Mn. However, little is known about the adaptive responses of stylo to Mn toxicity. Thus, this study integrated both physiological and transcriptomic analyses of stylo subjected to Mn toxicity. RESULTS: Results showed that excess Mn treatments increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves of stylo, resulting in the reduction of leaf chlorophyll concentrations and plant dry weight. In contrast, the activities of enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in stylo leaves upon treatment with increasing Mn levels, particularly Mn levels greater than 400 μM. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2471 up-regulated and 1623 down-regulated genes in stylo leaves subjected to Mn toxicity. Among them, a set of excess Mn up-regulated genes, such as genes encoding PAL, cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs), chalcone isomerase (CHI), chalcone synthase (CHS) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were enriched in secondary metabolic processes based on gene ontology (GO) analysis. Numerous genes associated with transcription factors (TFs), such as genes belonging to the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, WRKY and MYB families, were also regulated by Mn in stylo leaves. Furthermore, the C2H2 and MYB transcription factors were predicted to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes that participate in secondary metabolism in stylo during Mn exposure. Interestingly, the activation of secondary metabolism-related genes probably resulted in increased levels of secondary metabolites, including total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanidins. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this study reveals the roles of secondary metabolism in the adaptive responses of stylo to Mn toxicity, which is probably regulated by specific transcription factors.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Mn increased leaf MDA levels in stylo.
- Taxon
- stylo
.jpg?width=60)
Stylosanthes guianensise0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- excess Mn treatmentse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“excess Mn treatments increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves of stylo”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Mn reduced stylo leaf chlorophyll concentrations.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensist0
- Treatment
- manganese toxicityt0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll concentrationse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in the reduction of leaf chlorophyll concentrations and plant dry weight”
t0“Stylosanthes to manganese toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Mn reduced stylo plant dry weight.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensist0
- Treatment
- manganese toxicityt0
- Outcome
- plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in the reduction of leaf chlorophyll concentrations and plant dry weight”
t0“Stylosanthes to manganese toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Mn significantly increased POD activity in stylo leaves.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Treatment
- increasing Mn levelse0
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- particularly Mn levels greater than 400 μMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in stylo leaves upon treatment with increasing Mn levels, particularly Mn levels greater than 400 μM”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Mn significantly increased PAL activity in stylo leaves.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Treatment
- increasing Mn levelse0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in stylo leaves upon treatment with increasing Mn levels, particularly Mn levels greater than 400 μM”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Mn significantly increased PPO activity in stylo leaves.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Treatment
- increasing Mn levelse0
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in stylo leaves upon treatment with increasing Mn levels, particularly Mn levels greater than 400 μM”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity upregulated 2471 genes in stylo leaves.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicitye0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Value
- 2471e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis revealed 2471 up-regulated and 1623 down-regulated genes in stylo leaves subjected to Mn toxicity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn toxicity downregulated 1623 genes in stylo leaves.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Treatment
- Mn toxicitye0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Value
- 1623e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis revealed 2471 up-regulated and 1623 down-regulated genes in stylo leaves subjected to Mn toxicity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Mn upregulated secondary metabolism genes including PAL, CADs, and CHI.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensist0
- Treatment
- excess Mne0
- Gene
- PAL, cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs), chalcone isomerase (CHI)e0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolic processese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a set of excess Mn up-regulated genes, such as genes encoding PAL, cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs), chalcone isomerase (CHI), chalcone synthase (CHS) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were enriched in secondary metabolic processes”
t0“Stylosanthes”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn regulated stylo C2H2, WRKY, and MYB transcription factor genes.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Treatment
- Mne0
- Gene
- C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, WRKY and MYB familiese0
- Outcome
- genese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes belonging to the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, WRKY and MYB families, were also regulated by Mn in stylo leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
C2H2 and MYB factors were predicted to regulate secondary metabolism genes during Mn exposure.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensise0
- Gene
- C2H2 and MYB transcription factorse0
- Outcome
- transcriptional regulation of genes that participate in secondary metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- predictede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the C2H2 and MYB transcription factors were predicted to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes that participate in secondary metabolism in stylo during Mn exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn exposure probably increased phenols, flavonoids, and tannins.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensist0
- Treatment
- manganese toxicityt0
- Outcome
- total phenols, flavonoids, tanninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased levels of secondary metabolites, including total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanidins.”
t0“Stylosanthes to manganese toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn exposure probably increased anthocyanidins.
- Taxon
- styloStylosanthes guianensist0
- Treatment
- manganese toxicityt0
- Outcome
- anthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased levels of secondary metabolites, including total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanidins.”
t0“Stylosanthes to manganese toxicity”
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