Abstract
To immobilize Cd in soil and attenuate its uptake by vegetables, spent mushroom substrate (SMS), spent mushroom substrate biochar (SMSB), and SMS compost were employed as organic amendments to secure rape growth. Sequential chemical extractions showed that all three amendments efficiently reduced the exchangeable Cd (SE-Cd) fraction and carbonate Cd (WSA-Cd) fraction, and they increased the Fe-Mn oxides Cd (OX-Cd) and organic Cd (OM-Cd) fraction. Three amendments also markedly improved the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil, including soil pH, electrical conductivity, enzyme activity, and microbial biomass. In addition, three amendments significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased Cd content, whereas they increased plant biomass and the physiological parameters of rape seedlings (peroxidase activity, proline, soluble protein, and sugar content). SMSB performed better than the other two amendments in reducing SE-Cd (by 53.61%) and WSA-Cd (by 45.74%) proportions and in decreasing Cd content (from 0.23 to 0.09 mg·kg −1 ·dry weight) in edible parts.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All three amendments reduced exchangeable cadmium in soil.
- Taxon
- rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napust0 - Treatment
- all three amendmentse0
- Outcome
- exchangeable Cd (SE-Cd) fractione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“all three amendments efficiently reduced the exchangeable Cd (SE-Cd) fraction and carbonate Cd (WSA-Cd) fraction”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
All three amendments reduced carbonate cadmium in soil.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- all three amendmentse0
- Outcome
- carbonate Cd (WSA-Cd) fractione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all three amendments efficiently reduced the exchangeable Cd (SE-Cd) fraction and carbonate Cd (WSA-Cd) fraction”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments increased iron manganese oxide and organic cadmium fractions.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- amendmentst1
- Outcome
- Fe-Mn oxides Cd (OX-Cd) and organic Cd (OM-Cd) fractione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they increased the Fe-Mn oxides Cd (OX-Cd) and organic Cd (OM-Cd) fraction.”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
t1“Organic Amendments”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments improved soil physicochemical and biological properties.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- Three amendmentse0
- Outcome
- physicochemical and biological properties of the soile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three amendments also markedly improved the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil, including soil pH, electrical conductivity, enzyme activity, and microbial biomass.”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments decreased cadmium content in rape seedlings.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- three amendmentse0
- Outcome
- Cd contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three amendments significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased Cd content”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments increased rape seedling biomass.
- Taxon
- rape seedlingsBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- amendmentst0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they increased plant biomass and the physiological parameters of rape seedlings (peroxidase activity, proline, soluble protein, and sugar content).”
t0“Organic Amendments”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments increased peroxidase activity, proline and soluble protein in rape seedlings.
- Taxon
- rape seedlingsBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- amendmentst0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activity, proline, soluble proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they increased plant biomass and the physiological parameters of rape seedlings (peroxidase activity, proline, soluble protein, and sugar content).”
t0“Organic Amendments”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments increased sugar content in rape seedlings.
- Taxon
- rape seedlingsBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- amendmentst0
- Outcome
- sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they increased plant biomass and the physiological parameters of rape seedlings (peroxidase activity, proline, soluble protein, and sugar content).”
t0“Organic Amendments”
Claim · model-written summary
SMSB reduced exchangeable cadmium proportion by 53.61%.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- SMSBe0
- Outcome
- SE-Cde0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 53.61%e0
- Comparator
- the other two amendmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SMSB performed better than the other two amendments in reducing SE-Cd (by 53.61%) and WSA-Cd (by 45.74%) proportions”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SMSB reduced carbonate cadmium proportion by 45.74%.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- SMSBe0
- Outcome
- WSA-Cde0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 45.74%e0
- Comparator
- the other two amendmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SMSB performed better than the other two amendments in reducing SE-Cd (by 53.61%) and WSA-Cd (by 45.74%) proportions”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SMSB decreased cadmium content in edible parts from 0.23 to 0.09 mg per kg dry weight.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- SMSBe0
- Outcome
- Cd contente0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 0.09 mg·kg −1 ·dry weighte0
- Qualifier
- from 0.23e0
- Comparator
- the other two amendmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SMSB performed better than the other two amendments in reducing SE-Cd (by 53.61%) and WSA-Cd (by 45.74%) proportions and in decreasing Cd content (from 0.23 to 0.09 mg·kg −1 ·dry weight) in edible parts.”
t0“Rape Seedlings”
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