Abstract
Abstract In order to explore the synergistic effect of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant growth under cadmium (Cd) stress, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation on mulberry ( Morus alba ) seedling growth, mineral element absorption, Cd uptake, soil pH and Cd availability under Cd contamination at 2 levels (0 and 4 mg⋅kg −1 ). The results showed that biochar application could increase the mycorrhizal infection rate of AM fungi. Biochar application and AM fungal inoculation alone or their combination could all increase plant height, biomass, mineral element content and soil pH, while reduce Cd bioavailability in soil and Cd uptake by mulberry seedlings. The effects of biochar application in increasing soil pH and N and K uptake were better compared with AM fungal inoculation. However, AM fungal inoculation presented better effects in promoting mulberry seedling growth, improving P, Ca and Mg absorption by mulberry seedlings, and reducing Cd availability in soil and Cd absorption by mulberry seedlings. The combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation obtained the best effect. Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively. While, Cd concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of mulberry seedlings decreased by 46.48%, 67.86% and 58.97%, respectively. Moreover, pH increased by 5.33%, while Cd availability in soil decreased by 69.53%. In conclusion, biochar and AM fungi alone or their combination can all reduce Cd stress, and promote plant growth and mineral element absorption. The combination of biochar and AM fungi presents the best effect. Biochar combined with AM fungi can be used as an effective measure for ecological restoration of degraded soil and agricultural production safety.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased AM fungal mycorrhizal infection rate.
- Taxon
- Mulberryt0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal infection ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“biochar application could increase the mycorrhizal infection rate of AM fungi.”
t0“Mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AM fungal treatments increased mulberry height, biomass, and mineral content.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- Biochar application and AM fungal inoculation alone or their combinatione0
- Interactor
- AM fungale0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, biomass, mineral element contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and AM fungal inoculation alone or their combination could all increase plant height, biomass, mineral element content and soil pH, while reduce Cd bioavailability in soil and Cd uptake by mulberry seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AM fungal treatments reduced cadmium uptake by mulberry seedlings.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- Biochar application and AM fungal inoculation alone or their combinatione0
- Interactor
- AM fungale0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd uptakee0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and AM fungal inoculation alone or their combination could all increase plant height, biomass, mineral element content and soil pH, while reduce Cd bioavailability in soil and Cd uptake by mulberry seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AM fungi increased mulberry plant height by 43.28% under 4 mg⋅kg −1 cadmium.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AM fungale0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43.28%e0
- Qualifier
- Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf N content by 125.56%.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 125.56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf P content by 178.48%.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 178.48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf K content by 3.63%.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.63%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf Ca content by 181.04%.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 181.04%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased leaf Mg content by 128.04%.
- Taxon
- mulberrye0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 128.04%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg −1 , the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced cadmium concentration in mulberry roots by 46.48%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cd concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of mulberry seedlings decreased by 46.48%, 67.86% and 58.97%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced cadmium concentration in mulberry stems by 67.86%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cd concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of mulberry seedlings decreased by 46.48%, 67.86% and 58.97%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced cadmium concentration in mulberry leaves by 58.97%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cd concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of mulberry seedlings decreased by 46.48%, 67.86% and 58.97%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment raised soil pH by 5.33%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, pH increased by 5.33%, while Cd availability in soil decreased by 69.53%.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced soil cadmium availability by 69.53%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, pH increased by 5.33%, while Cd availability in soil decreased by 69.53%.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend biochar with AM fungi for restoration and agricultural production safety.
- Taxon
- Mulberryt0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- ecological restoration of degraded soil and agricultural production safetye0
Verbatim
e0“Biochar combined with AM fungi can be used as an effective measure for ecological restoration of degraded soil and agricultural production safety.”
t0“Mulberry”
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.