Abstract
Mulberry has high crude protein and biologically active compounds but is difficult to be ensiled due to the lack of adequate epiphytic LAB. This study aimed to investigate the effects of inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from mulberry with higher antioxidant capacity alone or in combination with Streptococcus bovis on chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage. The results showed that all inoculation groups had higher dry matter and lower pH than the control group, particularly in LP (dry matter, DM, 32.03% and pH = 4.44) and LP_PP_SB (DM, 31.68% and pH = 4.26) after 60 days of ensiling. Ammonia nitrogen (AN) content was the lowest in both LP_SB and LP_PP_SB groups, which were 1.86 g/kg FM and 1.05 g/kg FM, respectively, ( P < 0.05). Only the LP_PP_SB group showed increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 1.2851 g/kg DM, P < 0.05) than the control group. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were increased in all inoculation-treated groups compared with the control group ( P < 0.05). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH), 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and FRAP exhibited the highest levels in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups. Enterobacter was dominant in both the control and SB-treated groups, and the relative abundance was 41.18% and 32.35%, respectively ( P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus was higher in the LP-, LP_PP-, and LP_SB-treated groups (81.84%−82.69%). Relative abundance of Pediococcus was higher in the PP-, PP_SB-, and LP_PP_SB-treated groups (74.27%−85.27%). Untargeted metabolomics analysis results showed that five flavonoids (apigenin, eriodictyol, quercetin-3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside)were upregulated in all inoculation groups (except for the SB-treated groups). Among them, eriodictyol was both positively correlated with ABTS and FRAP and also showed the highest relative abundance in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate the relationship between inoculants of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria and antioxidant capacity by 16s rRNA Illumina sequencing technology and untargeted metabolomics analysis, respectively. Consequently, inoculated L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus alone, respectively, or in combination with S. bovis increased the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus and Pediococcus and decreased the relative abundance of Enterobacter , particularly in the LP_PP_SB-treated group. In addition, inoculants could increase the relative abundance of five flavonoids (apigenin, eriodictyol, quercetin-3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside), especially eriodictyol to improve the antioxidant capacity of mulberry silage.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation groups had higher dry matter than the control group.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e1“The results showed that all inoculation groups had higher dry matter and lower pH than the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation groups had lower pH than the control group.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e1“The results showed that all inoculation groups had higher dry matter and lower pH than the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP group reached dry matter of 32.03% after 60 days of ensiling, higher than the control group.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e1“The results showed that all inoculation groups had higher dry matter and lower pH than the control group”
e2“particularly in LP (dry matter, DM, 32.03% and pH = 4.44) and LP_PP_SB (DM, 31.68% and pH = 4.26) after 60 days of ensiling”
Claim · model-written summary
The LP_PP_SB group reached dry matter of 31.68% after 60 days of ensiling, higher than the control group.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e1“The results showed that all inoculation groups had higher dry matter and lower pH than the control group”
e2“particularly in LP (dry matter, DM, 32.03% and pH = 4.44) and LP_PP_SB (DM, 31.68% and pH = 4.26) after 60 days of ensiling”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia nitrogen content was lowest in the LP_SB group, at 1.86 g/kg FM.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e3“Ammonia nitrogen (AN) content was the lowest in both LP_SB and LP_PP_SB groups, which were 1.86 g/kg FM and 1.05 g/kg FM, respectively, ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia nitrogen content was lowest in the LP_PP_SB group, at 1.05 g/kg FM.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e3“Ammonia nitrogen (AN) content was the lowest in both LP_SB and LP_PP_SB groups, which were 1.86 g/kg FM and 1.05 g/kg FM, respectively, ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the LP_PP_SB group increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.2851 g/kg DM) compared with the control group.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e4“Only the LP_PP_SB group showed increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 1.2851 g/kg DM, P < 0.05) than the control group”
e1“The results showed that all inoculation groups had higher dry matter and lower pH than the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric-reducing antioxidant power was increased in all inoculation-treated groups compared with the control group.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e5“Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were increased in all inoculation-treated groups compared with the control group ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH, ABTS and FRAP antioxidant measures reached their highest levels in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e6“2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH), 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and FRAP exhibited the highest levels in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Enterobacter was dominant in the control and SB-treated groups, at 41.18% and 32.35% relative abundance.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- SB-treated groupse7
- Interactor
- Enterobacter
Enterobactere7other - Outcome
- relative abundancee7
- Direction
- dominante7
- Value
- 41.18% and 32.35%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e7“Enterobacter was dominant in both the control and SB-treated groups, and the relative abundance was 41.18% and 32.35%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactiplantibacillus relative abundance was higher in the LP-, LP_PP- and LP_SB-treated groups, at 81.84%−82.69%.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e7“The relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus was higher in the LP-, LP_PP-, and LP_SB-treated groups (81.84%−82.69%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pediococcus relative abundance was higher in the PP-, PP_SB- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups, at 74.27%−85.27%.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- PP-, PP_SB-, and LP_PP_SB-treated groupse0
- Interactor
- Pediococcus
Pediococcuse0other - Outcome
- Relative abundance of Pediococcuse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 74.27%−85.27%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e0“Relative abundance of Pediococcus was higher in the PP-, PP_SB-, and LP_PP_SB-treated groups (74.27%−85.27%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apigenin, eriodictyol and quercetin-3-glucoside were upregulated in all inoculation groups except the SB-treated groups.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e1“five flavonoids (apigenin, eriodictyol, quercetin-3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside)were upregulated in all inoculation groups (except for the SB-treated groups)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rutin and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were upregulated in all inoculation groups except the SB-treated groups.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e1“five flavonoids (apigenin, eriodictyol, quercetin-3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside)were upregulated in all inoculation groups (except for the SB-treated groups)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eriodictyol was positively correlated with ABTS and FRAP.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e2“Among them, eriodictyol was both positively correlated with ABTS and FRAP and also showed the highest relative abundance in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Eriodictyol had the highest relative abundance in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e2“Among them, eriodictyol was both positively correlated with ABTS and FRAP and also showed the highest relative abundance in the LP_PP- and LP_PP_SB-treated groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Eriodictyol, among the inoculant-induced flavonoids, may improve the antioxidant capacity of mulberry silage.
Verbatim
t0“Chemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, bacterial community, and metabolite composition of mulberry silage ensiling with lactic acid bacteria”
e3“inoculants could increase the relative abundance of five flavonoids (apigenin, eriodictyol, quercetin-3-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside), especially eriodictyol to improve the antioxidant capacity of mulberry silage”
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