Abstract
Abstract In the present study, we carried out comprehensive transcript profiling of diverse genes under salinity (200 mM NaCl) at different time points, accompanied by certain biochemical alterations of the indica (IR‐64 and Pokkali) and japonica (Nipponbare and M‐202) rice. The higher susceptibility of Nipponbare and IR‐64 was reflected by lower relative water content, chlorophyll loss, higher malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 , and reduced nitrate reductase activity, compared to M‐202 and Pokkali, where such changes were less pronounced. Enhanced levels of anthocyanins and reduced glutathione, together with elevated phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, mainly conferred protection to Nipponbare and IR‐64, while metabolites like phenolics, flavonoids, proline, and polyamines were more induced in M‐202 and Pokkali. Varietal differences in the expression pattern of diverse groups of genes during different durations (6, 24, and 48 h) of stress were striking. A gene showing early induction for a particular variety exhibited a delayed induction in another variety or a gradually decreased expression with treatment time. Pokkali was clearly identified as the salt‐tolerant genotype among the examined varieties based on increased antioxidant potential and enhanced expression of genes encoding for PAL, CHS, and membrane transporters like SOS3, NHX‐1, and HKT‐1. The results presented in this work provide insight into the complex varying regulation patterns for different genes across the investigated rice varieties in providing salt tolerance and highlights distinct differences in expression patterns between susceptible and tolerant indica and japonica rice.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nipponbare and IR-64 had lower relative water content than M-202 and Pokkali under salinity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Nipponbare and IR‐64e1
- Treatment
- salinity (200 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- relative water contente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- M‐202 and Pokkalie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e0“diverse genes under salinity (200 mM NaCl) at different time points”
e1“The higher susceptibility of Nipponbare and IR‐64 was reflected by lower relative water content, chlorophyll loss, higher malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 , and reduced nitrate reductase activity, compared to M‐202 and Pokkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Nipponbare and IR-64 showed higher chlorophyll loss than M-202 and Pokkali under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nipponbare and IR‐64e1
- Treatment
- salinity (200 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll losse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- M‐202 and Pokkalie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e0“diverse genes under salinity (200 mM NaCl) at different time points”
e1“The higher susceptibility of Nipponbare and IR‐64 was reflected by lower relative water content, chlorophyll loss, higher malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 , and reduced nitrate reductase activity, compared to M‐202 and Pokkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Nipponbare and IR-64 had higher malondialdehyde content than M-202 and Pokkali under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nipponbare and IR‐64e1
- Treatment
- salinity (200 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- M‐202 and Pokkalie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e0“diverse genes under salinity (200 mM NaCl) at different time points”
e1“The higher susceptibility of Nipponbare and IR‐64 was reflected by lower relative water content, chlorophyll loss, higher malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 , and reduced nitrate reductase activity, compared to M‐202 and Pokkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Nipponbare and IR-64 accumulated more H2O2 than M-202 and Pokkali under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nipponbare and IR‐64e1
- Treatment
- salinity (200 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e1
- Direction
- accumulatione1
- Comparator
- M‐202 and Pokkalie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e0“diverse genes under salinity (200 mM NaCl) at different time points”
e1“The higher susceptibility of Nipponbare and IR‐64 was reflected by lower relative water content, chlorophyll loss, higher malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 , and reduced nitrate reductase activity, compared to M‐202 and Pokkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Nipponbare and IR-64 had reduced nitrate reductase activity compared with M-202 and Pokkali under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nipponbare and IR‐64e1
- Treatment
- salinity (200 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- M‐202 and Pokkalie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e0“diverse genes under salinity (200 mM NaCl) at different time points”
e1“The higher susceptibility of Nipponbare and IR‐64 was reflected by lower relative water content, chlorophyll loss, higher malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of H 2 O 2 , and reduced nitrate reductase activity, compared to M‐202 and Pokkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced anthocyanins and reduced glutathione, with elevated phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, conferred protection to Nipponbare and IR-64.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nipponbare and IR‐64e2
- Compound
- anthocyaninse2
- Outcome
- protectione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e2“Enhanced levels of anthocyanins and reduced glutathione, together with elevated phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, mainly conferred protection to Nipponbare and IR‐64”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolics, flavonoids, proline, and polyamines were more induced in M-202 and Pokkali.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- M‐202 and Pokkalie3
- Outcome
- phenolics, flavonoids, proline, and polyaminese3
- Direction
- more inducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e3“metabolites like phenolics, flavonoids, proline, and polyamines were more induced in M‐202 and Pokkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Varietal differences in the expression pattern of diverse gene groups during 6, 24, and 48 h of stress were striking.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- expression pattern of diverse groups of genese4
- Qualifier
- during different durations (6, 24, and 48 h) of stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e4“Varietal differences in the expression pattern of diverse groups of genes during different durations (6, 24, and 48 h) of stress were striking”
Claim · model-written summary
A gene showing early induction in one variety showed a delayed induction in another variety or gradually decreased expression with treatment time.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- expression with treatment timee5
- Direction
- gradually decreasede5
- Qualifier
- exhibited a delayed induction in another varietye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e5“A gene showing early induction for a particular variety exhibited a delayed induction in another variety or a gradually decreased expression with treatment time”
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali was identified as the salt-tolerant genotype among the examined varieties.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pokkalie6
- Outcome
- salt‐tolerant genotypee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e6“Pokkali was clearly identified as the salt‐tolerant genotype among the examined varieties based on increased antioxidant potential and enhanced expression of genes encoding for PAL, CHS, and membrane transporters like SOS3, NHX‐1, and HKT‐1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali had increased antioxidant potential.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pokkalie6
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentiale6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e6“Pokkali was clearly identified as the salt‐tolerant genotype among the examined varieties based on increased antioxidant potential and enhanced expression of genes encoding for PAL, CHS, and membrane transporters like SOS3, NHX‐1, and HKT‐1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali had enhanced expression of genes encoding PAL and CHS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pokkalie6
- Gene
- PAL, CHSe6
- Outcome
- expression of genes encoding for PAL, CHSe6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e6“Pokkali was clearly identified as the salt‐tolerant genotype among the examined varieties based on increased antioxidant potential and enhanced expression of genes encoding for PAL, CHS, and membrane transporters like SOS3, NHX‐1, and HKT‐1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali had enhanced expression of membrane transporter genes SOS3, NHX-1, and HKT-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pokkalie6
- Gene
- SOS3, NHX‐1, and HKT‐1e6
- Outcome
- enhanced expressione6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“indica and japonica rice”
e6“Pokkali was clearly identified as the salt‐tolerant genotype among the examined varieties based on increased antioxidant potential and enhanced expression of genes encoding for PAL, CHS, and membrane transporters like SOS3, NHX‐1, and HKT‐1”
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