Abstract
Hormone patterns tailor cell fate decisions during plant organ formation. Among them, auxins and cytokinins are critical phytohormones during early development. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates root architecture by the control of auxin spatial patterns. However, NO involvement during the coordination of shoot organogenesis remains unclear. Here, we explore the effect of NO during shoot development by using a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana and get new insights into the characterization of NO-mediated leaf-related phenotypes. NO homeostasis mutants are impaired in several shoot architectural parameters, including phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongation, silique production, leaf number, and margin. Auxin distribution is a key feature for tissue differentiation and need to be controlled at different levels (i.e., synthesis, transport, and degradation mechanisms). The phenotypes resulting from the introduction of the cue1 mutation in the axr1 auxin resistant and pin1 backgrounds exacerbate the relationship between NO and auxins. Using the auxin reporter DR5:GUS , we observed an increase in auxin maxima under NO-deficient mutant backgrounds and NO scavenging, pointing to NO-ASSOCIATED 1 (NOA1) as the main player related to NO production in this process. Furthermore, polar auxin transport is mainly regulated by PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1), which controls the flow along leaf margin and venations. Analysis of PIN1 protein levels shows that NO controls its accumulation during leaf development, impacting the auxin mediated mechanism of leaf building. With these findings, we also provide evidence for the NO opposite effects to determine root and shoot architecture, in terms of PIN1 accumulation under NO overproduction.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
NO homeostasis mutants had impaired phyllotaxis and inflorescence stem elongation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Material
- NO homeostasis mutantse0
- Outcome
- phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongatione0
- Direction
- impairede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO homeostasis mutants are impaired in several shoot architectural parameters, including phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongation, silique production, leaf number, and margin.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NO homeostasis mutants had impaired silique production, leaf number and margins.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- NO homeostasis mutantse0
- Outcome
- silique production, leaf number, and margine0
- Direction
- impairede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO homeostasis mutants are impaired in several shoot architectural parameters, including phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongation, silique production, leaf number, and margin.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Introducing cue1 into axr1 and pin1 backgrounds exacerbated the NO–auxin relationship phenotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- cue1e0
- Outcome
- phenotypese0
- Direction
- exacerbatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phenotypes resulting from the introduction of the cue1 mutation in the axr1 auxin resistant and pin1 backgrounds exacerbate the relationship between NO and auxins.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NO-deficient mutant backgrounds increased auxin maxima.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- NO-deficient mutant backgroundse0
- Outcome
- auxin maximae0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we observed an increase in auxin maxima under NO-deficient mutant backgrounds and NO scavenging”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NO scavenging increased auxin maxima.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- NO scavenginge0
- Outcome
- auxin maximae0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we observed an increase in auxin maxima under NO-deficient mutant backgrounds and NO scavenging”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify NOA1 as the main player associated with NO production in auxin-maxima patterning.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- NO-ASSOCIATED 1 (NOA1)e0
- Outcome
- NO productione0
- Qualifier
- main playere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pointing to NO-ASSOCIATED 1 (NOA1) as the main player related to NO production in this process.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NO controlled PIN1 protein accumulation during leaf development.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- leaf developmente0
- Gene
- PIN1e0
- Outcome
- its accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analysis of PIN1 protein levels shows that NO controls its accumulation during leaf development, impacting the auxin mediated mechanism of leaf building.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NO overproduction had opposite effects on root and shoot architecture in terms of PIN1 accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- PIN1e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot architecturee0
- Direction
- opposite effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we also provide evidence for the NO opposite effects to determine root and shoot architecture, in terms of PIN1 accumulation under NO overproduction.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”