Abstract
Cover crops (CC) are an important low-input strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. The impact of different CC (common vetch, field pea, winter oats, fodder kale, common vetch + winter oats and field pea + winter oats), organic mulch, control treatment-fallow, and bio-fertilizer (BF) application, on yield and quality of sweet maize kernel was evaluated. CC biomass was higher in mixtures: field pea + winter oats, and common vetch + winter oats, as well as in fodder kale. Kernel yield and its chemical composition varied significantly by CC, BF, year, and their interaction. Organic mulch enhanced the concentration of sugars and glutathione in maize kernel. BF increased kernel yield, the concentration of sugars, vitamin C, Mg, Fe, Zn, and reduced phytate concentration. The highest Mg and Mn concentration in maize kernel was achieved with fodder kale, Zn concentration with common vetch + winter oats + BF, and Fe concentration with winter oats. The same treatments expressed the highest impact on variability in concentration of the phytate, phenolics, and yellow pigment, thus affecting further bio-availability of essential elements. Results indicate that in a semi-arid climate, under rain-fed conditions, CC such as fodder kale and winter oats + common vetch could enhance sweet maize productivity and kernel quality, serving as an important part of a sustainable cropping system, to facilitate food security.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop biomass was higher in the field pea + winter oats and common vetch + winter oats mixtures and in fodder kale.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e0“CC biomass was higher in mixtures: field pea + winter oats, and common vetch + winter oats, as well as in fodder kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel yield and its chemical composition varied significantly by cover crop, bio-fertilizer, year and their interaction.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e1“Kernel yield and its chemical composition varied significantly by CC, BF, year, and their interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic mulch enhanced the concentration of sugars and glutathione in sweet maize kernel.
- Taxon
- sweet maizet0
- Organ / stage
- maize kernele2
- Treatment
- Organic mulche2
- Outcome
- concentration of sugars and glutathionee2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e2“Organic mulch enhanced the concentration of sugars and glutathione in maize kernel”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizer increased kernel yield, sugar concentration and vitamin C.
- Taxon
- sweet maizet0
- Treatment
- BFe3
- Outcome
- kernel yield, the concentration of sugars, vitamin Ce3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e3“BF increased kernel yield, the concentration of sugars, vitamin C, Mg, Fe, Zn, and reduced phytate concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizer increased Mg, Fe and Zn concentrations in sweet maize kernel.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e3“BF increased kernel yield, the concentration of sugars, vitamin C, Mg, Fe, Zn, and reduced phytate concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizer reduced phytate concentration in sweet maize kernel.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e3“BF increased kernel yield, the concentration of sugars, vitamin C, Mg, Fe, Zn, and reduced phytate concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Fodder kale gave the highest Mg and Mn concentration in sweet maize kernel.
- Taxon
- sweet maizet0
- Organ / stage
- maize kernele4
- Treatment
- fodder kalee4
- Outcome
- Mg and Mn concentratione4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e4“The highest Mg and Mn concentration in maize kernel was achieved with fodder kale, Zn concentration with common vetch + winter oats + BF, and Fe concentration with winter oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Common vetch + winter oats + bio-fertilizer gave the highest Zn concentration in sweet maize kernel.
- Taxon
- sweet maizet0
- Treatment
- common vetch + winter oats + BFe4
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e4“The highest Mg and Mn concentration in maize kernel was achieved with fodder kale, Zn concentration with common vetch + winter oats + BF, and Fe concentration with winter oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter oats gave the highest Fe concentration in sweet maize kernel.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e4“The highest Mg and Mn concentration in maize kernel was achieved with fodder kale, Zn concentration with common vetch + winter oats + BF, and Fe concentration with winter oats”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatments had the highest impact on variability in phytate, phenolics and yellow pigment concentrations.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e5“The same treatments expressed the highest impact on variability in concentration of the phytate, phenolics, and yellow pigment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fodder kale and winter oats + common vetch could enhance sweet maize productivity and kernel quality in a semi-arid climate under rain-fed conditions.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Maize Kernel”
e6“in a semi-arid climate, under rain-fed conditions, CC such as fodder kale and winter oats + common vetch could enhance sweet maize productivity and kernel quality”
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