Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), S, iron (Fe), Zn, N:S ratio; and straw and grain dry weight of wheat grown in a calcareous clay loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 10, 50, 250 mg Skg-1 (as CaSO4.2H2O) and zinc at 0, 5 mg Znkg-1 (as ZnSO4.7H2O) to the soil. The soil pH decreased by S alone. The soil EC increased due to increase in sulphur with zinc. The straw S concentration increased by sulphur alone. In the 250 mg Skg-1 application to soil, the straw S concentration increased by 28.13% when compared with 0 mg Skg-1 treatment. The concentrations of grain S and Fe, straw Zn, straw and grain N and N:S ratios were not significantly affected by sulphur and zinc. The grain Zn concentration was significantly increased by sulphur with zinc. In the 250 mg Skg-1 with 5 mg Znkg-1 application to the soil, the grain Zn concentration increased 38.47% when compared with no sulphur and zinc treatment to soil. The zinc treatment led to a significantly reduced straw Fe concentration. The straw dry weight was significantly affected by sulphur alone and it increased from 2.53 to 3.86%. The grain dry weight was significantly affected by zinc alone and it decreased by 12.18%. But, the grain zinc concentration increased 25% by increasing the zinc. The results suggest that application of sulphur and zinc could be a good approach for the nutrition of wheat plants. However, the generated salinity was high for sulphur applications, which means that plants might be faced high salinity problems. Also, with the application of high sulphur to plants, it should be considered that an N:S imbalance can occur. On the other hand, N:S imbalance can occur in crops grown in high N fertility in especially, S-deficient soils. Therefore, the levels of electrical conductivity, pH, texture, CaCO3, organic matter, sulphur and nitrogen of soils and cultivated plant species should be taken into consideration when recommending sulphur and zinc application to soils. Key words: Sulphur, zinc, soil pH, soil salinity, calcareous soil, wheat, N, Fe, Zn, N:S ratio.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur alone decreased soil pH.
- Taxon
- bread wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- S alonee1
- Outcome
- soil pHe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“The soil pH decreased by S alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sulphur with zinc increased soil EC.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in sulphur with zince2
- Outcome
- soil ECe2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e2“The soil EC increased due to increase in sulphur with zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur alone increased straw S concentration.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe3
- Treatment
- sulphur alonee3
- Outcome
- straw S concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e3“The straw S concentration increased by sulphur alone”
Claim · model-written summary
At 250 mg S/kg soil, straw S concentration rose by 28.13% relative to 0 mg S/kg.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe4
- Treatment
- 250 mg Skg-1 application to soile4
- Outcome
- straw S concentratione4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 28.13%e4
- Comparator
- 0 mg Skg-1 treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e4“In the 250 mg Skg-1 application to soil, the straw S concentration increased by 28.13% when compared with 0 mg Skg-1 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur and zinc did not significantly change grain S and Fe concentrations.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine5
- Treatment
- sulphur and zince5
- Outcome
- grain S and Fee5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e5“The concentrations of grain S and Fe, straw Zn, straw and grain N and N:S ratios were not significantly affected by sulphur and zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur and zinc did not significantly change straw Zn concentration.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe5
- Treatment
- sulphur and zince5
- Outcome
- straw Zne5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e5“The concentrations of grain S and Fe, straw Zn, straw and grain N and N:S ratios were not significantly affected by sulphur and zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur and zinc did not significantly change straw and grain N concentrations.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- straw and graine5
- Treatment
- sulphur and zince5
- Outcome
- straw and grain Ne5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e5“The concentrations of grain S and Fe, straw Zn, straw and grain N and N:S ratios were not significantly affected by sulphur and zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur and zinc did not significantly change N:S ratios.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphur and zince5
- Outcome
- N:S ratiose5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e5“The concentrations of grain S and Fe, straw Zn, straw and grain N and N:S ratios were not significantly affected by sulphur and zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur with zinc significantly increased grain Zn concentration.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine6
- Treatment
- sulphur with zince6
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e6“The grain Zn concentration was significantly increased by sulphur with zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
At 250 mg S/kg with 5 mg Zn/kg, grain Zn concentration rose by 38.47% relative to no sulphur and zinc.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine7
- Treatment
- 250 mg Skg-1 with 5 mg Znkg-1 application to the soile7
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 38.47%e7
- Comparator
- no sulphur and zinc treatment to soile7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e7“In the 250 mg Skg-1 with 5 mg Znkg-1 application to the soil, the grain Zn concentration increased 38.47% when compared with no sulphur and zinc treatment to soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc treatment significantly reduced straw Fe concentration.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe1
- Treatment
- zinc treatmente1
- Outcome
- straw Fe concentratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“The zinc treatment led to a significantly reduced straw Fe concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur alone significantly increased straw dry weight, from 2.53 to 3.86%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe1
- Treatment
- sulphur alonee1
- Outcome
- straw dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.53 to 3.86%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“The straw dry weight was significantly affected by sulphur alone and it increased from 2.53 to 3.86%”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc alone significantly decreased grain dry weight by 12.18%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine1
- Treatment
- zinc alonee1
- Outcome
- grain dry weighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 12.18%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“The grain dry weight was significantly affected by zinc alone and it decreased by 12.18%”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing zinc raised grain zinc concentration by 25%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine1
- Treatment
- increasing the zince1
- Outcome
- grain zinc concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 25%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“But, the grain zinc concentration increased 25% by increasing the zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying sulphur and zinc could be a good approach for the nutrition of wheat plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of sulphur and zince1
- Outcome
- nutrition of wheat plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“application of sulphur and zinc could be a good approach for the nutrition of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur applications raised generated salinity, which may cause salinity problems for plants.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphur applicationse1
- Outcome
- generated salinitye1
- Direction
- highe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“However, the generated salinity was high for sulphur applications”
Claim · model-written summary
With high sulphur application an N:S imbalance should be considered.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of high sulphure1
- Outcome
- N:S imbalancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“with the application of high sulphur to plants, it should be considered that an N:S imbalance can occur”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil electrical conductivity, pH, texture, CaCO3, organic matter, sulphur and nitrogen levels should be considered before recommending sulphur and zinc application to soils.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- levels of electrical conductivity, pH, texture, CaCO3, organic matter, sulphur and nitrogen of soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bread wheat”
e1“the levels of electrical conductivity, pH, texture, CaCO3, organic matter, sulphur and nitrogen of soils and cultivated plant species should be taken into consideration when recommending sulphur and zinc application to soils”
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