Yield Response and Drought Mitigation Strategy of Cotton by Foliar Feeding of Plant Nutrients under Rainfed Agriculture in Black Soil ( Typic Chromusterts )

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of foliar application of plant nutrition on yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of cotton (KC 3) at the Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpatti during rabi season 2013–16. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising nine treatments replicated thrice under rainfed condition. These results revealed that the treatment imposed as recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stages increased the yield attributes and yield of cotton (KC 3) viz., sympodial branches/plant (89.9 nos), number of bolls (9.9 nos), boll weight (3.8 g), dry matter production (1909 kg/ha) and therefore it influenced the seed cotton yield (912 kg/ha).

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 5

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The fertilizer plus foliar nutrition treatment increased sympodial branches per plant of cotton (89.9).

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutume1
Material: KC 3e1
Treatment: recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stagese1
Outcome: sympodial branches/plante1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 89.9 nose1
Setting: Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpattie0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Gossypium hirsutum* · TaxonChriKo · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1
“the treatment imposed as recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stages increased the yield attributes and yield of cotton (KC 3) viz., sympodial branches/plant (89.9 nos)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 435–713 · show in text ↑

e0
“Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpatti”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 168–245 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The fertilizer plus foliar nutrition treatment increased number of bolls per cotton plant (9.9).

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutume1
Material: KC 3e1
Treatment: recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stagese1
Outcome: number of bollse1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 9.9 nose1
Setting: Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpattie0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“the treatment imposed as recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stages increased the yield attributes and yield of cotton (KC 3) viz., sympodial branches/plant (89.9 nos), number of bolls (9.9 nos)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 435–740 · show in text ↑

e0
“Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpatti”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 168–245 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The fertilizer plus foliar nutrition treatment increased boll weight of cotton (3.8 g).

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutume1
Material: KC 3e1
Treatment: recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stagese1
Outcome: boll weighte1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 3.8 ge1
Setting: Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpattie0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“the treatment imposed as recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stages increased the yield attributes and yield of cotton (KC 3) viz., sympodial branches/plant (89.9 nos), number of bolls (9.9 nos), boll weight (3.8 g)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 435–761 · show in text ↑

e0
“Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpatti”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 168–245 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The fertilizer plus foliar nutrition treatment increased dry matter production of cotton (1909 kg/ha).

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutume1
Material: KC 3e1
Treatment: recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stagese1
Outcome: dry matter productione1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 1909 kg/hae1
Setting: Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpattie0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“the treatment imposed as recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stages increased the yield attributes and yield of cotton (KC 3) viz., sympodial branches/plant (89.9 nos), number of bolls (9.9 nos), boll weight (3.8 g), dry matter production (1909 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 435–797 · show in text ↑

e0
“Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpatti”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 168–245 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The fertilizer plus foliar nutrition treatment increased seed cotton yield (912 kg/ha).

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutume1
Material: KC 3e1
Treatment: recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stagese1
Outcome: seed cotton yielde1
Direction: increasede1
Value: 912 kg/hae1
Setting: Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpattie0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“the treatment imposed as recommended dose of fertilizers (40:20:40 kg of Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium/ha) along with 1.25% cotton plus at square formation and flowering stages increased the yield attributes and yield of cotton (KC 3) viz., sympodial branches/plant (89.9 nos), number of bolls (9.9 nos), boll weight (3.8 g), dry matter production (1909 kg/ha) and therefore it influenced the seed cotton yield (912 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 435–859 · show in text ↑

e0
“Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kovilpatti”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 168–245 · show in text ↑

potassium · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ

97 papers: 86 positive, 11 negative or no effect

85 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction

no effect
K did not affect lint yield in the indeterminate cultivar.
Potassium Effects on Partitioning, Yield, and Earliness of Contrasting Cotton Cultivars · 2007
Opposite direction
no effect
Cotton yield differed little among the three potassium rates.
Cotton Yield and Potassium Use Efficiency as Affected by Potassium Fertilizer Management with Stalks Returned to Field · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Potash application did not produce a significant difference in seed cotton yield.
Effect of Potassium Application and Moisture Conservation Practices on Yield of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) · 2008 · compared with no potash treatment
Opposite direction

93 papers more in this group

See all 97 papers →

stage · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

14 papers: 10 positive, 4 negative or no effect

9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

negative
Stress at flowering onset reduced growth rate and flower and boll numbers.
Effects of Soil Moisture Stress on Two Varieties of Upland Cotton in Israel I. The Coastal Plain Region · 1971
Opposite direction
no effect
Optimizing base temperature or adding an upper threshold by growth stage did not substantially reduce errors in predicting cotton growth-stage dates.
Reevaluation of the degree day base 60°F concept in US cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production · 2023
Opposite direction
negative
Lacking N, P and K in prophase, before the eighth leaf age, significantly delayed cotton growth.
Effect of N,P and K Elements Deficiency on Growth and Nutrition Accumulation of Cotton during Different Leaf Ages · 2013
Opposite direction

10 papers more in this group

See all 14 papers →

phosphorus · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

36 papers: 27 positive, 9 negative or no effect

26 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Low phosphorus strongly inhibited leaf expansion in young cotton during the daytime, compared with high P.
Hydraulic Conductance as a Factor Limiting Leaf Expansion of Phosphorus-Deficient Cotton Plants · 1984 · compared with high P
Opposite direction
negative
Phosphate stress reduced total biomass by over 77% across carbon dioxide levels.
Effect of Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth and Physiology of Cotton Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide · 2013
Opposite direction
negative
Growth rates under limiting phosphate were 5-10 times less than with abundant nutrients.
Acclimation of Photosynthesis and Growth by Cotton to Elevated CO2: Interactions With Severe Phosphate Deficiency and Restricted Rooting Volume · 1995 · compared with abundant nutrients
Opposite direction

32 papers more in this group

See all 36 papers →

potassium · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

39 papers: 26 positive, 13 negative or no effect

25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction

no effect
The variation in the N/K2O combination did not interfere with biomass accumulation in cotton plants.
GROWTH AND GAS EXCHANGES OF COTTON UNDER WATER SALINITY AND NITROGEN-POTASSIUM COMBINATION · 2020
Opposite direction
negative
Low K stress significantly decreased seedling biomass (leaf, stem and root dry weight) of cotton seedlings compared with normal K.
Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency · 2020 · compared with normal K (NK, control)
Opposite direction
negative
The highest potassium dose combined with increasing irrigation salinity caused greater harm to cotton leaf number and area at 108 DAS.
Potassium fertilization in the cultivation of colored cotton irrigated with saline water · 2017
Opposite direction

35 papers more in this group

See all 39 papers →

stage · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

63 papers: 38 positive, 25 negative or no effect

37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Flowering-stage waterlogging had the greatest yield reduction, 38.8%.
Effect of Waterlogging Duration at Different Growth Stages on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Cotton · 2017
Opposite direction
no effect
Shade during squaring and early flowering had little effect on boll weight.
COTTON RESPONSES TO SHADE AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES: GROWTH, LINT YIELD AND FIBRE QUALITY · 2000
Opposite direction
negative
High night temperature during flowering reduced seeds per locule and seeds per boll.
High Night Temperatures During the Floral Bud Stage Increase the Abscission of Reproductive Structures in Cotton · 2014
Opposite direction

59 papers more in this group

See all 63 papers →

phosphorus · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

104 papers: 95 positive, 9 negative or no effect

94 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Low P inhibited growth and dry matter production more in DES926 than Jimian169.
Phosphorus and carbohydrate metabolism contributes to low phosphorus tolerance in cotton · 2023 · compared with Jimian169
Opposite direction
no effect
P levels had no detectable effect on seed index.
Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields, and Oil Properties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization and Growth Regulators · 1988
Opposite direction
no effect
Applied P did not influence lint or seed yields.
Applied Phosphorus and Potassium Effects on the Emergence, Yield, and Planting Seed Quality of Cotton · 1990
Opposite direction

100 papers more in this group

See all 104 papers →

nitrogen · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

153 papers: 129 positive, 24 negative or no effect

128 papers in the same direction as this paper · 21 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Shoot growth was critically damaged when soil containers were placed in nitrogen at early stages of growth before roots were well established.
Effect of Duration and Timing of Low Soil Oxygen Content on Shoot and Root Growth · 1962
Opposite direction
negative
Ammonium-fed cotton had lower root growth than nitrate-fed cotton.
Nitrogen preference and genetic variation of cotton genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency · 2020 · compared with nitrate
Opposite direction
no effect
Cotton height and stem diameter showed no consistent difference among nitrogen rates.
Influence of Nitrogen on Weed Competition in Cotton · 1975
Opposite direction

149 papers more in this group

See all 153 papers →

fertilization · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

202 papers: 177 positive, 25 negative or no effect

176 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Higher nitrogen rates increased cotton plant height by up to 3.2 inches.
Nitrogen and Mepiquat Chloride Effects on the Production of Nonrank, Irrigated, Short‐Season Cotton · 1994
Opposite direction
no effect
Phosphorus fertilizer essentially did not affect root elongation under drought.
Simultaneously maximizing root/mycorrhizal growth and phosphorus uptake by cotton plants by optimizing water and phosphorus management · 2018
Opposite direction
no effect
Phosphorus fertilizer had no effect on P uptake at later growth stages sampled.
Phosphorus Use-Efficiency by Cotton Grown in an Alkaline Soil as Determined Using³²Phosphorus and³³Phosphorus Radio-Isotopes · 2008
Opposite direction

198 papers more in this group

See all 202 papers →

8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 5

The same questions in other papers

potassium · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ

stage · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

phosphorus · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

potassium · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

stage · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

phosphorus · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

nitrogen · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results

fertilization · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results