Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development. Therefore, finding efficient strategies to prevent salt-induced growth retardation and yield loss is critical for modern agriculture to sustain production. The role of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and thiourea (TU) in regulating salt tolerance was investigated by evaluating morpho-physiological characteristics and antioxidant response in two wheat genotypes at the seedling stage. In both wheat genotypes, salt stress reduced growth characteristics and leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, while simultaneously increasing the Na+/K+ ratio, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, exogenous application of SA and/or TU alone in the salt-stressed plants significantly reduced the negative effects of salt stress and improved the growth performance by up-regulating photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, and proline content in both genotypes. Besides, when compared to seedlings treated only with salt stress, SA and TU played an important role in maintaining lower Na+/K+ levels and reducing oxidative stress by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels in salt-stressed plants through boosting the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase. In addition, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed a significant interaction among growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and antioxidant activity with the salt, SA, and/or TU treatments. The findings suggested that exogenous application of SA or TU could be a useful technique for reducing the negative effects of salinity on wheat growth and development.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced growth characteristics, leaf water status and photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- growth characteristics and leaf water status, photosynthetic pigmentse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e1“In both wheat genotypes, salt stress reduced growth characteristics and leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, while simultaneously increasing the Na+/K+ ratio, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased the Na+/K+ ratio in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratioe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e1“In both wheat genotypes, salt stress reduced growth characteristics and leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, while simultaneously increasing the Na+/K+ ratio, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)e1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e1“In both wheat genotypes, salt stress reduced growth characteristics and leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, while simultaneously increasing the Na+/K+ ratio, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA and/or TU improved growth performance of salt-stressed wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of SA and/or TUe2
- Outcome
- growth performancee2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e2“exogenous application of SA and/or TU alone in the salt-stressed plants significantly reduced the negative effects of salt stress and improved the growth performance by up-regulating photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, and proline content in both genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA and/or TU up-regulated photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status and proline content in salt-stressed wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of SA and/or TUe2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, and proline contente2
- Direction
- up-regulatinge2
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e2“exogenous application of SA and/or TU alone in the salt-stressed plants significantly reduced the negative effects of salt stress and improved the growth performance by up-regulating photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, and proline content in both genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and TU maintained lower Na+/K+ levels in salt-stressed wheat seedlings compared with salt stress alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SA and TUe3
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ levelse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- seedlings treated only with salt stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e3“when compared to seedlings treated only with salt stress, SA and TU played an important role in maintaining lower Na+/K+ levels and reducing oxidative stress by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels in salt-stressed plants through boosting the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and TU lowered MDA and H2O2 levels in salt-stressed wheat seedlings compared with salt stress alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SA and TUe3
- Outcome
- MDA and H2O2 levelse3
- Direction
- loweringe3
- Comparator
- seedlings treated only with salt stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e3“when compared to seedlings treated only with salt stress, SA and TU played an important role in maintaining lower Na+/K+ levels and reducing oxidative stress by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels in salt-stressed plants through boosting the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and TU boosted the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase in salt-stressed wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SA and TUe3
- Gene
- catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidasee3
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidasee3
- Direction
- boostinge3
- Comparator
- seedlings treated only with salt stresse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e3“when compared to seedlings treated only with salt stress, SA and TU played an important role in maintaining lower Na+/K+ levels and reducing oxidative stress by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels in salt-stressed plants through boosting the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Hierarchical clustering and PCA showed a significant interaction among growth, pigment and antioxidant traits with the salt, SA and/or TU treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt, SA, and/or TU treatmentse4
- Outcome
- interaction among growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and antioxidant activitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e4“hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed a significant interaction among growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and antioxidant activity with the salt, SA, and/or TU treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA or TU could be a useful technique for reducing the negative effects of salinity on wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of SA or TUe5
- Outcome
- a useful technique for reducing the negative effects of salinitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress inhibiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development”
e5“The findings suggested that exogenous application of SA or TU could be a useful technique for reducing the negative effects of salinity on wheat growth and development”
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8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.