Abstract
Salt stress disrupts ionic homeostasis and induces oxidative damage, leading to reduced plant growth and development. Determining the lethal dose of NaCl is essential for developing effective mitigation strategies. Potassium and other antioxidant regulatory compounds often prove insufficient in addressing salt-induced toxicity, especially in wheat. This laboratory experiment aimed to determine NaCl concentration that reduces plant growth by 50% and to evaluate the effectiveness of different mitigation approaches involving potassium and thiourea supplementation at 0 mM, 10 mM, and 15 mM under the identified NaCl condition. The experiment followed a factorial arrangement with three biological replications. Results showed that NaCl at 198 mM decreased germination and plant growth by 50%. The combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mM significantly improved ionic homeostasis, leading to a 14% increase in overall ion balance. This was achieved by reducing sodium ions concentration by 28.55% and increasing potassium ion concentration by 23.92%. Furthermore, the interactive application enhances various growth parameters, including shoot and root length (by 14.20-32.82%), and shoot/root fresh and dry weight (by 18.56/8.89% to 26.60/25.52%, respectively). These improvements were attributed to enhanced physiological processes, including a 10.23% increase in net photosynthetic rate, a 30.20% increase in stomatal conductance, a 6.70% increase in transpiration rate, an 8.12% increase in internal carbon dioxide concentrations and a 10.13% improvement in relative water content. Additionally, oxidative markers, such as hydrogen peroxide and malonaldeahyde, were reduced by 8.43% and 26.20%, respectively. This reduction was associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activity, including a 13.69% increase in superoxide dismutase, an 8.91% increase in catalase, a 20.18% increase in peroxidase, and a 13.11% increase in ascorbate peroxidase. The decrease in oxidative stress contributed to an 8.48% improvement in membrane stability and a 17.06% enhancement in relative water content. Principle component analysis confirmed the efficacy of the K15 + TU15 treatment in improving wheat salt tolerance. The simultaneous application of K and TU at 15 mM effectively mitigated salt-induced toxicity by enhancing ionic homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress through increased antioxidant enzyme activity in wheat.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl at 198 mM decreased germination and plant growth of wheat by 50%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- NaCl at 198 mMe1
- Outcome
- germination and plant growthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 50%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“NaCl at 198 mM decreased germination and plant growth by 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined potassium and thiourea at 15 mM significantly improved ionic homeostasis, giving a 14% increase in overall ion balance in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mMe1
- Outcome
- overall ion balancee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 14%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mM significantly improved ionic homeostasis, leading to a 14% increase in overall ion balance”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined potassium and thiourea at 15 mM reduced sodium ion concentration in wheat by 28.55%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mMe1
- Outcome
- sodium ions concentratione2
- Direction
- reducinge2
- Value
- 28.55%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mM significantly improved ionic homeostasis, leading to a 14% increase in overall ion balance”
e2“reducing sodium ions concentration by 28.55%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined potassium and thiourea at 15 mM increased potassium ion concentration in wheat by 23.92%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mMe1
- Outcome
- potassium ion concentratione2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Value
- 23.92%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“The combined application of potassium and thiourea at 15 mM significantly improved ionic homeostasis, leading to a 14% increase in overall ion balance”
e2“increasing potassium ion concentration by 23.92%”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased shoot and root length of wheat by 14.20-32.82%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthe2
- Direction
- enhancese1
- Value
- 14.20-32.82%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“shoot and root length (by 14.20-32.82%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased shoot and root fresh and dry weight of wheat by 18.56/8.89% to 26.60/25.52%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- shoot/root fresh and dry weighte2
- Direction
- enhancese1
- Value
- 18.56/8.89% to 26.60/25.52%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“shoot/root fresh and dry weight (by 18.56/8.89% to 26.60/25.52%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased net photosynthetic rate in wheat by 10.23%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 10.23%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 10.23% increase in net photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased stomatal conductance in wheat by 30.20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 30.20%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 30.20% increase in stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased transpiration rate in wheat by 6.70%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 6.70%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 6.70% increase in transpiration rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased internal carbon dioxide concentration in wheat by 8.12%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- internal carbon dioxide concentrationse2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 8.12%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“an 8.12% increase in internal carbon dioxide concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application improved relative water content in wheat by 10.13%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- relative water contente2
- Direction
- improvemente2
- Value
- 10.13%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 10.13% improvement in relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application reduced hydrogen peroxide in wheat by 8.43%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 8.43%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“such as hydrogen peroxide and malonaldeahyde, were reduced by 8.43% and 26.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application reduced malonaldeahyde in wheat by 26.20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- malonaldeahydee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 26.20%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“such as hydrogen peroxide and malonaldeahyde, were reduced by 8.43% and 26.20%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased superoxide dismutase activity in wheat by 13.69%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 13.69%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 13.69% increase in superoxide dismutase”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased catalase activity in wheat by 8.91%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- catalasee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 8.91%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“an 8.91% increase in catalase”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased peroxidase activity in wheat by 20.18%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- peroxidasee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 20.18%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 20.18% increase in peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in wheat by 13.11%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 13.11%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 13.11% increase in ascorbate peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application improved membrane stability in wheat by 8.48%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- membrane stabilitye2
- Direction
- improvemente2
- Value
- 8.48%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“an 8.48% improvement in membrane stability”
Claim · model-written summary
The interactive application enhanced relative water content in wheat by 17.06%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interactive applicatione1
- Outcome
- relative water contente2
- Direction
- enhancemente2
- Value
- 17.06%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“the interactive application enhances various growth parameters”
e2“a 17.06% enhancement in relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis confirmed that K15 + TU15 improved wheat salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- K15 + TU15 treatmente1
- Outcome
- wheat salt tolerancee1
- Direction
- improvinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“Principle component analysis confirmed the efficacy of the K15 + TU15 treatment in improving wheat salt tolerance”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
112 papers in the same direction as this paper · 24 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
133 papers more in this group
See all 137 papers →thiourea · physiology: ion balance · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
thiourea · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
potassium · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →potassium · physiology: ion balance · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.