Abstract
Permanent raised beds (PB) are a conservation agriculture option for irrigated conditions that can improve soil quality, increase soil moisture conservation and stabilize yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation. In irrigated wheat (Triticum sp.) production, wet sowing (i.e. applying irrigation before sowing) is most widely used. It allows pre-sowing weed control but reduces sowing time flexibility. Dry sowing, i.e. applying irrigation after sowing, reduces options for weed control but improves water use efficiency and sowing time flexibility. This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico. In those four tillage-sowing irrigation environments (ENV), five nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments were tested. Plant stand, grain yield, and grain quality were measured for ten years and fertilizer-based N use efficiency indices were assessed in three years. Plant stand, wheat yield and quality were significantly affected by ENV. The lowest plant stand and yield were found in PB-Dry sowing. On average, only 54 plants m-2 emerged in PB-Dry whereas 159 plants m-2 emerged in CTB-Wet. Plant stand showed high yearly fluctuations, with plant stand in dry sowing favored by lower reference evapotranspiration, with CTB-Dry favored more by high minimum temperature and PB-Dry by high maximum temperature. Yield ranged between 4.20 and 7.94 t ha-1. Yield in PB-Dry was on average 0.35 to 0.50 t ha-1 lower than in the remaining ENV, but positive interactions between year and dry sowing systems were associated with high minimum temperatures at germination and tillering. N fertilization management affected wheat quality, but not wheat yield, possibly due to high levels of soil mineral N available at sowing that were not measured in this study. Split application of N increased grain N content compared to basal N application. Research should address reduced plant stands with dry sowing in conservation agriculture to find management options that improve wheat emergence. Further efforts to optimize N fertilizer management in PB are required to improve grain quality components.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Plant stand differed among tillage and sowing environments.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Outcome
- Plant stande1
- Setting
- northwestern Mexicoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Plant stand, wheat yield and quality were significantly affected by ENV.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield differed among tillage and sowing environments.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Plant stand, wheat yield and quality were significantly affected by ENV.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat quality differed among tillage and sowing environments.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Plant stand, wheat yield and quality were significantly affected by ENV.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
PB-Dry had the lowest plant stand, averaging 54 plants m-2 versus 159 in CTB-Wet.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- PB-Drye1
- Outcome
- plants m-2 emergede1
- Direction
- onlye1
- Value
- 54 plants m-2e1
- Qualifier
- 159 plants m-2e1
- Comparator
- CTB-Wete1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“On average, only 54 plants m-2 emerged in PB-Dry whereas 159 plants m-2 emerged in CTB-Wet.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
PB-Dry had the lowest yield.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- PB-Dry sowinge1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The lowest plant stand and yield were found in PB-Dry sowing.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant stand fluctuated substantially by year.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- Plant stande1
- Qualifier
- high yearly fluctuationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Plant stand showed high yearly fluctuations”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower reference evapotranspiration favored plant stand in dry sowing.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- dry sowinge1
- Outcome
- plant stande1
- Direction
- favorede1
- Qualifier
- lower reference evapotranspiratione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“plant stand in dry sowing favored by lower reference evapotranspiration”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
High minimum temperature favored plant stand in CTB-Dry.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- CTB-Drye1
- Outcome
- CTB-Dry favored moree1
- Direction
- favored moree1
- Qualifier
- high minimum temperaturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CTB-Dry favored more by high minimum temperature”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
High maximum temperature favored plant stand in PB-Dry.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- PB-Drye1
- Outcome
- PB-Drye1
- Qualifier
- high maximum temperaturee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“PB-Dry by high maximum temperature”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield ranged from 4.20 to 7.94 t ha-1.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Value
- 4.20 and 7.94 t ha-1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Yield ranged between 4.20 and 7.94 t ha-1.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
PB-Dry yield averaged 0.35 to 0.50 t ha-1 below the other environments.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- PB-Drye1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 0.35 to 0.50 t ha-1e1
- Comparator
- the remaining ENVe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Yield in PB-Dry was on average 0.35 to 0.50 t ha-1 lower than in the remaining ENV”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
High minimum temperatures at germination and tillering were associated with positive year by dry sowing yield interactions.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Organ / stage
- germination and tilleringe1
- Treatment
- dry sowing systemse1
- Outcome
- positive interactionse1
- Direction
- positivee1
- Qualifier
- high minimum temperaturese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“positive interactions between year and dry sowing systems were associated with high minimum temperatures at germination and tillering”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization management affected wheat quality.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N fertilization managemente1
- Outcome
- wheat qualitye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“N fertilization management affected wheat quality, but not wheat yield”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization management did not affect wheat yield.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N fertilization managemente1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde1
- Direction
- note1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“N fertilization management affected wheat quality, but not wheat yield”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
Split N application increased grain N content relative to basal application.
- Taxon
- Triticum durum L.Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- Split application of Ne1
- Outcome
- grain N contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- basal N applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Split application of N increased grain N content compared to basal N application.”
e0“This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend addressing reduced plant stands under dry sowing in conservation agriculture.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- management options that improve wheat emergencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Research should address reduced plant stands with dry sowing in conservation agriculture to find management options that improve wheat emergence.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimizing N fertilizer management in PB to improve grain quality components.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- optimize N fertilizer management in PBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further efforts to optimize N fertilizer management in PB are required to improve grain quality components.”
t0“durum wheat”
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