Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (106 cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum were sprayed (5 mL) on corn forage on 27 July and 10 August 2018. On 21 August 2018, sprayed (FI; 3 plots) and unsprayed (NFI; 3 plots) corn forage were harvested at the 1/2 kernel milk line stage, followed by chopping and ensiling without inoculants (CON), or with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), Lactobacillus plantarum (LT, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), or L. buchneri + L. plantarum (BT: both L. buchneri and L. plantarum applied at 0.5 × 106 cfu/g FW). After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages had a higher (p < 0.05) pH value and higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations, but lower (p < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage. The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages; ensiling decreased (p < 0.05) AFB1 concentration compared with fresh corn, and LB and BT decreased AFB1 concentration compared with CON. The zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) concentrations were similar (p < 0.05) for NFI silages, while ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (p < 0.05) among all FI silages; DON and FB1 concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages. The fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages. The FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, and Epicoccum than the corresponding NFI silages. The RA of Aspergillus and Fusarium markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation. The Penicillium in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling, while the inoculants decreased the RA of Penicillium. Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infestation raised silage pH.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- FIe0
- Outcome
- pH valuee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e0
- Comparator
- NFI silagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FI silages had a higher (p < 0.05) pH value”
e1“than NFI silage”
t0“Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infestation raised acetic acid, ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen concentrations.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- FIe1
- Outcome
- acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- NFI silagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations”
e1“After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages”
e2“than NFI silage”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infestation lowered lactic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- FIe1
- Outcome
- lactic acid (LA) concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- NFI silagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower (p < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage”
e1“After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculants reduced corn silage pH.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculants increased lactic acid concentration and LA/ACA relative to uninoculated silage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- inoculantse0
- Outcome
- LA concentration and LA/ACAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin B1 was detected only in infested fresh corn and silages.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was only detectede0
- Qualifier
- FI fresh corn and silagese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages”
Claim · model-written summary
Ensiling decreased aflatoxin B1 relative to fresh corn.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ensilinge0
- Outcome
- AFB1 concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- fresh corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ensiling decreased (p < 0.05) AFB1 concentration compared with fresh corn”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactobacillus buchneri lowered aflatoxin B1 relative to control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- LBe0
- Interactor
- Lactobacillus buchnerie1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- AFB1 concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LB and BT decreased AFB1 concentration compared with CON”
e1“Lactobacillus buchneri (LB”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined bacterial inoculant lowered aflatoxin B1 relative to control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- BTe0
- Outcome
- AFB1 concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LB and BT decreased AFB1 concentration compared with CON”
e1“L. buchneri + L. plantarum (BT”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation yielded the lowest zearalenone among infested silages.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- BTe0
- Outcome
- ZEN concentratione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- all FI silagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (p < 0.05) among all FI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculants lowered deoxynivalenol in infested silages.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DON and FB1 concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculants lowered fumonisin B1 in infested silages.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- LB, LT, and BTe0
- Outcome
- FB1 concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CONe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DON and FB1 concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infestation increased bacterial and fungal diversity in corn silage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fungal infestatione0
- Outcome
- bacterial and fungal diversity of silagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NFI silagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Infested silages had higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Wickerhamomyces.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomycese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- NFI silagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, and Epicoccum than the corresponding NFI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Infested silages had higher relative abundance of Pichia and Epicoccum.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Pichia, and Epicoccume0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- NFI silagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, and Epicoccum than the corresponding NFI silages”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus and Fusarium abundance decreased after ensiling and inoculation enhanced the decrease.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- RA of Aspergillus and Fusariume0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- after 90 d of ensilinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RA of Aspergillus and Fusarium markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium persisted in infested silage after 90 days.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Penicillium in FI silages survivede0
- Qualifier
- after 90 d of ensilinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculants decreased Penicillium relative abundance.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- inoculantse0
- Outcome
- RA of Penicilliume0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculants decreased the RA of Penicillium”
t0“Corn Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculants mitigated adverse fungal infestation effects on corn silage quality by changing microbial communities.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Inoculantse0
- Outcome
- adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage qualitye0
- Qualifier
- changing the bacterial and fungal communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities”
t0“Corn Silage”
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