Abstract
BACKGROUND: Light quality significantly affects plant growth and development, photosynthesis, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a widely cultivated and economically important fruit crop worldwide. However, there are still few studies on the effects of different light qualities on the growth and development of apple seedlings. RESULTS: In this study, we explored the effects of blue and red light treatments on the growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics, leaf chloroplast ultrastructure, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of apple seedlings. Blue light significantly inhibited apple plant growth and leaf extension, but it promoted the development of leaf tissue structures and chloroplasts and positively affected leaf stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and photosynthetic efficiency. The red light treatment promoted apple plant growth and root development, but it resulted in loosely organized leaf palisade tissues and low chlorophyll contents. The blue and red light treatments enhanced the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in apple seedlings. Moreover, the blue light treatment significantly promoted nitrogen metabolism. Additionally, an RNA-seq analysis revealed that both blue light and red light can significantly up-regulate the expression of genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Blue light can also promote amino acid synthesis and flavonoid metabolism, whereas red light can induce plant hormone signal transduction. The expression of a gene encoding a bHLH transcription factor (MYC2-like) was significantly up-regulated in response to blue light, implying it may be important for blue light-mediated plant development. CONCLUSIONS: Considered together, blue and red light have important effects on apple growth, carbon and nitrogen metabolism. These findings may be useful for determining the ideal light conditions for apple cultivation to maximize fruit yield and quality.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light significantly inhibited apple plant growth and leaf extension.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Blue lighte0
- Outcome
- plant growth and leaf extensione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blue light significantly inhibited apple plant growth and leaf extension”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light promoted development of apple leaf tissue structures and chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissue structures and chloroplastse0
- Treatment
- blue lightt0
- Outcome
- development of leaf tissue structures and chloroplastse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it promoted the development of leaf tissue structures and chloroplasts”
t0“blue lights”
e1“Blue light significantly inhibited apple plant growth and leaf extension”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light positively affected apple stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blue lightt0
- Outcome
- leaf stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positively affected leaf stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“apple (Malus domestica) grown under red and blue lights”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light promoted apple growth and root development.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- red light treatmente0
- Outcome
- apple plant growth and root developmente0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The red light treatment promoted apple plant growth and root development”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light produced loosely organized apple leaf palisade tissues.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- red lighte1
- Outcome
- loosely organized leaf palisade tissuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it resulted in loosely organized leaf palisade tissues”
t0“apple (Malus domestica) grown under red and blue lights”
e1“The red light treatment promoted apple plant growth and root development”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light resulted in low apple chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- red lighte1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it resulted in loosely organized leaf palisade tissues and low chlorophyll contents”
t0“apple (Malus domestica) grown under red and blue lights”
e1“The red light treatment promoted apple plant growth and root development”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light enhanced ammonium nitrogen accumulation in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- bluee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ammonium nitrogene0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blue and red light treatments enhanced the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light enhanced ammonium nitrogen accumulation in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- accumulation of ammonium nitrogene0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blue and red light treatments enhanced the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in apple seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light significantly promoted nitrogen metabolism.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blue light treatmente0
- Outcome
- nitrogen metabolisme0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the blue light treatment significantly promoted nitrogen metabolism”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light significantly upregulated genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blue lighte0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolisme0
- Direction
- up-regulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both blue light and red light can significantly up-regulate the expression of genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light significantly upregulated genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolisme0
- Direction
- up-regulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both blue light and red light can significantly up-regulate the expression of genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light promoted amino acid synthesis and flavonoid metabolism.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Blue lighte0
- Outcome
- amino acid synthesis and flavonoid metabolisme0
- Direction
- promotee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blue light can also promote amino acid synthesis and flavonoid metabolism”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light induced plant hormone signal transduction.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- plant hormone signal transductione0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red light can induce plant hormone signal transduction”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light significantly upregulated MYC2-like expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blue lighte0
- Gene
- MYC2-likee0
- Outcome
- expression of a gene encoding a bHLH transcription factor (MYC2-like)e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of a gene encoding a bHLH transcription factor (MYC2-like) was significantly up-regulated in response to blue light”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
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