Abstract
L.) plants grown under saline stress in a greenhouse. The maize was grown on alkaline soil and subjected to four different saline levels; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. After 90 d for 100 mM NaCl treatment, the plant's height and fresh weight were reduced by 17.84% and 39.28%, respectively, compared to the control. When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height) and 24.79%, 62.36%, and 107.7% (fresh weight), respectively. Compared to the control and single AMF/biochar treatments, the combined application of biochar and AMF showed the most significant effect in improving maize growth under saline stress. The superior mitigating effect of biochar + AMF was attributed to its effective ability in (i) improving soil nutrient content, (ii) enhancing plant nutrient uptake, (iii) increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and (iv improving the contents of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). Thus, our study shows that amending alkaline and saline soils with a combination of biochar-AMF can effectively mitigate abiotic stress and improve plant growth. Therefore, it can serve as a reference for managing salinity stress in agricultural soils.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mM NaCl, maize height decreased 17.84% after 90 days versus control.
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant's heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.84%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 90 d for 100 mM NaCl treatment, the plant's height and fresh weight were reduced by 17.84% and 39.28%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mM NaCl, maize fresh weight decreased 39.28% after 90 days versus control.
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39.28%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 90 d for 100 mM NaCl treatment, the plant's height and fresh weight were reduced by 17.84% and 39.28%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased maize height 22.04% in soil with 100 mM NaCl.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.04%e0
- Comparator
- saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height)”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased maize height 26.97% in soil with 100 mM NaCl.
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.97%e0
- Comparator
- saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height)”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus AMF increased maize height 30.92% in soil with 100 mM NaCl.
- Treatment
- biochar + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.92%e0
- Comparator
- saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height)”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased maize fresh weight 24.79% in soil with 100 mM NaCl.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.79%e0
- Comparator
- saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height) and 24.79%, 62.36%, and 107.7% (fresh weight), respectively”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased maize fresh weight 62.36% in soil with 100 mM NaCl.
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62.36%e0
- Comparator
- saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height) and 24.79%, 62.36%, and 107.7% (fresh weight), respectively”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus AMF increased maize fresh weight 107.7% in soil with 100 mM NaCl.
- Treatment
- biochar + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 107.7%e0
- Comparator
- saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the saline-treated soil (100 mM NaCl) was amended with AMF, biochar, and biochar + AMF, the growth parameters were increased by 22.04%, 26.97%, 30.92% (height) and 24.79%, 62.36%, and 107.7% (fresh weight), respectively”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and AMF had the strongest significant maize growth benefit versus control or either single treatment.
- Treatment
- combined application of biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- maize growthe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- the control and single AMF/biochar treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control and single AMF/biochar treatments, the combined application of biochar and AMF showed the most significant effect in improving maize growth under saline stress”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus AMF improved soil nutrient content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superior mitigating effect of biochar + AMF was attributed to its effective ability in (i) improving soil nutrient content”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus AMF enhanced plant nutrient uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superior mitigating effect of biochar + AMF was attributed to its effective ability in (i) improving soil nutrient content, (ii) enhancing plant nutrient uptake”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus AMF increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Treatment
- biochar + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superior mitigating effect of biochar + AMF was attributed to its effective ability in (i) improving soil nutrient content, (ii) enhancing plant nutrient uptake, (iii) increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus AMF increased four fatty acid contents.
- Outcome
- contents of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3)e0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and (iv improving the contents of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3)”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
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