Abstract
The planting method of deep sowing can make the seeds make full use of water in deep soil, which is considered to be an effective way to respond to drought stress. However, deep sowing will affect the growth and development of maize ( Zea mays L.) at seedling stage. To better understand the response of maize to deep sowing stress and the mechanism of exogenous hormones [Gibberellin (GA 3 ), Brassinolide (BR), Strigolactone (SL)] alleviates the damaging effects of deep-sowing stress, the physiological and transcriptome expression profiles of seedlings of deep sowing sensitive inbred line Zi330 and the deep-tolerant inbred line Qi319 were compared under deep sowing stress and the conditions of exogenous hormones alleviates stress. The results showed that mesocotyl elongated significantly after both deep sowing stress and application of exogenous hormones, and its elongation was mainly through elongation and expansion of cell volume. Hormone assays revealed no significant changes in zeatin (ZT) content of the mesocotyl after deep sowing and exogenous hormone application. The endogenous GA 3 and auxin (IAA) contents in the mesocotyl of the two inbred lines increased significantly after the addition of exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SL under deep sowing stress compared to deep sowing stress, while BR and SL decreased significantly. Transcriptome analysis showed that the deep seeding stress was alleviated by GA 3 , BR, and SLs, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly included cellulose synthase, expansin and glucanase, oxidase, lignin biosynthesis genes and so on. We also found that protein phosphatase 2C and GA receptor GID1 enhanced the ability of resist deep seeding stress in maize by participating in the abscisic acid (ABA) and the GA signaling pathway, respectively. In addition, we identified two gene modules that were significantly related to mesocotyl elongation, and identified some hub genes that were significantly related to mesocotyl elongation by WGCNA analysis. These genes were mainly involved in transcription regulation, hydrolase activity, protein binding and plasma membrane. Our results from this study may provide theoretical basis for determining the maize deep seeding tolerance and the mechanism by which exogenous hormones regulates deep seeding tolerance.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Deep sowing significantly elongated maize mesocotyls.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mesocotyl elongated significantly after both deep sowing stress and application of exogenous hormones”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hormones significantly elongated maize mesocotyls.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mesocotyl elongated significantly after both deep sowing stress and application of exogenous hormones”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize mesocotyl elongation occurred mainly through cell elongation and expansion.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its elongation was mainly through elongation and expansion of cell volume.”
e1“mesocotyl elongated significantly”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mesocotyl zeatin content did not change significantly after deep sowing and hormone application.
- Organ / stage
- mesocotyle0
- Treatment
- deep sowing and exogenous hormone applicatione0
- Outcome
- zeatin (ZT) contente0
- Direction
- no significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant changes in zeatin (ZT) content of the mesocotyl after deep sowing and exogenous hormone application.”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hormones increased endogenous GA 3 content in mesocotyls under deep sowing.
- Material
- two inbred linese0
- Organ / stage
- mesocotyle0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SLe0
- Outcome
- endogenous GA 3e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- deep sowing stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The endogenous GA 3 and auxin (IAA) contents in the mesocotyl of the two inbred lines increased significantly after the addition of exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SL under deep sowing stress compared to deep sowing stress”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hormones increased auxin content in mesocotyls under deep sowing.
- Organ / stage
- mesocotyle0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SLe0
- Outcome
- auxin (IAA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- deep sowing stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The endogenous GA 3 and auxin (IAA) contents in the mesocotyl of the two inbred lines increased significantly after the addition of exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SL under deep sowing stress compared to deep sowing stress”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BR content decreased significantly after hormone application under deep sowing.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BR and SL decreased significantly.”
e1“after the addition of exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SL under deep sowing stress compared to deep sowing stress”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SL content decreased significantly after hormone application under deep sowing.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BR and SL decreased significantly.”
e1“after the addition of exogenous GA 3 , BR, and SL under deep sowing stress compared to deep sowing stress”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 alleviated maize deep seeding stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deep seeding stress was alleviated by GA 3 , BR, and SLs”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BR alleviated maize deep seeding stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deep seeding stress was alleviated by GA 3 , BR, and SLs”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
SLs alleviated maize deep seeding stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deep seeding stress was alleviated by GA 3 , BR, and SLs”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes included cellulose synthase, expansin and glucanase, oxidase and lignin biosynthesis genes.
- Gene
- cellulose synthase, expansin and glucanase, oxidase, lignin biosynthesis genese0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly included cellulose synthase, expansin and glucanase, oxidase, lignin biosynthesis genes and so on.”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein phosphatase 2C enhanced maize deep seeding stress resistance through the ABA pathway.
- Gene
- protein phosphatase 2Ce0
- Outcome
- ability of resist deep seeding stresse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein phosphatase 2C and GA receptor GID1 enhanced the ability of resist deep seeding stress in maize by participating in the abscisic acid (ABA) and the GA signaling pathway, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA receptor GID1 enhanced maize deep seeding stress resistance through GA signaling.
- Gene
- GA receptor GID1e0
- Outcome
- ability of resist deep seeding stresse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- GA signaling pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein phosphatase 2C and GA receptor GID1 enhanced the ability of resist deep seeding stress in maize by participating in the abscisic acid (ABA) and the GA signaling pathway, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two gene modules and hub genes were significantly related to maize mesocotyl elongation.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified two gene modules that were significantly related to mesocotyl elongation, and identified some hub genes that were significantly related to mesocotyl elongation by WGCNA analysis.”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The identified genes were mainly involved in transcription regulation, hydrolase activity, protein binding and plasma membrane.
- Gene
- genese0
- Outcome
- transcription regulation, hydrolase activity, protein binding and plasma membranee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These genes were mainly involved in transcription regulation, hydrolase activity, protein binding and plasma membrane.”
t0“Maize Seedlings”
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