Abstract
Biostimulants have been defined as substances or materials extracted from plants, which have the capacity to beneficially modify plant growth. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae and it is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and protein. Two field experiments were conducted in Northwestern Iran (L1: Maragheh and L2: Hashtroud) to determine the effects of farmyard manure (FYM) application (0 and 20 t/ha) and foliar application of bio-stimulants and chemical nutrients (acid salicylic, acid ascorbic, riboflavin, silicon dioxide nanoparticles, micronutrients, and distilled water as control) on nutritional characteristics of chickpea seeds. Results showed that there is a significant difference between seed quality of plant grown in two locations and the highest content of fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid), nitrogen, phosphorus, starch, and protein were recorded in seeds harvested from L2. Also, foliar application of micronutrient and silicon dioxide nanoparticles significantly increased dietary fiber, ash, starch, protein percentage. Concentrations of mineral nutrients (N, P, Fe, and Zn) significantly increased with the foliar application of micronutrients. Spray of acid salicylic and acid ascorbic increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in both locations. Furthermore, the highest amount of flavonoid and crude oil was achieved by foliar spray of acid salicylic, silicon, and riboflavin. Although foliar spray of bio-stimulants and chemical nutrients improved seed quality in both locations, their positive effects were more pronounced in L2 where the soil and climate condition were partially better than L1. Overall, the best performance for major compounds of chickpea seeds was achieved by foliar spray of acid salicylic, micronutrients, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles in the FYM treatment. The present study indicate that improving the soil conditions is essential before foliar treatments. From the present investigation, it may be concluded that soil management using farmyard and crop management with foliar application of bio-stimulants were able to improve the quality of seeds and nutritional value of Kabuli chickpeas in both areas. Also, results showed that the application of FYM in L1 which has previously been under poor management, incorrect rotations, and experienced intensive agriculture are very necessary. Foliar feeding with micronutrients and foliar spray salicylic acid as well as Si-NPs under FYM applied conditions noticeably increased seed quality especially in the site with better soil and climate conditions (L2). Improving soil conditions can lead to prominent effects of foliar treatments. Our results revealed that foliar spray of Si-NPs, micronutrients and salicylic acid as simple and accessible crop management options can be effective in the semi-arid regions. Further research is needed to prove their positive functions at the subcellular level.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Seed quality differed significantly between the two locations.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Outcome
- seed qualitye0
- Setting
- two locationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there is a significant difference between seed quality of plant grown in two locations”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from L2 had the highest fatty acid contents.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- content of fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- L2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest content of fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid), nitrogen, phosphorus, starch, and protein were recorded in seeds harvested from L2.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from L2 had the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, starch and protein contents.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen, phosphorus, starch, and proteine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- L2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest content of fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid), nitrogen, phosphorus, starch, and protein were recorded in seeds harvested from L2.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient spray significantly increased dietary fiber, ash, starch and protein percentage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of micronutriente0
- Outcome
- dietary fiber, ash, starch, protein percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of micronutrient and silicon dioxide nanoparticles significantly increased dietary fiber, ash, starch, protein percentage.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon dioxide nanoparticle spray significantly increased dietary fiber, ash, starch and protein percentage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- silicon dioxide nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- dietary fiber, ash, starch, protein percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of micronutrient and silicon dioxide nanoparticles significantly increased dietary fiber, ash, starch, protein percentage.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient spray significantly increased seed N, P, Fe and Zn concentrations.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of mineral nutrients (N, P, Fe, and Zn)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of mineral nutrients (N, P, Fe, and Zn) significantly increased with the foliar application of micronutrients.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid spray increased unsaturated fatty acid percentage at both locations.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- acid salicylice0
- Outcome
- percentage of unsaturated fatty acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- both locationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray of acid salicylic and acid ascorbic increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in both locations.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid spray increased unsaturated fatty acid percentage at both locations.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- acid ascorbice0
- Outcome
- percentage of unsaturated fatty acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- both locationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray of acid salicylic and acid ascorbic increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in both locations.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid spray achieved the highest flavonoid and crude oil amounts.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of acid salicylice0
- Outcome
- amount of flavonoid and crude oile0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest amount of flavonoid and crude oil was achieved by foliar spray of acid salicylic, silicon, and riboflavin.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon spray achieved the highest flavonoid and crude oil amounts.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- amount of flavonoid and crude oile0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest amount of flavonoid and crude oil was achieved by foliar spray of acid salicylic, silicon, and riboflavin.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin spray achieved the highest flavonoid and crude oil amounts.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- riboflavine0
- Outcome
- amount of flavonoid and crude oile0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest amount of flavonoid and crude oil was achieved by foliar spray of acid salicylic, silicon, and riboflavin.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments improved seed quality more at L2 than L1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- positive effectse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- L1e0
- Setting
- L2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their positive effects were more pronounced in L2 where the soil and climate condition were partially better than L1.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid, micronutrients and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with FYM gave the best performance for major seed compounds.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of acid salicylic, micronutrients, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles in the FYM treatmente0
- Outcome
- performance for major compounds of chickpea seedse0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best performance for major compounds of chickpea seeds was achieved by foliar spray of acid salicylic, micronutrients, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles in the FYM treatment.”
The same questions in other papers
silicon atom · quality: phytochemicals · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
riboflavin · quality: phytochemicals · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · organism · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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See all 5 papers →fertilization · organism · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
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See all 7 papers →application · quality: protein · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
26 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 28 papers →application · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
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35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →micronutrient · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
micronutrient · quality: protein · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.