Abstract
Background and Aims: Climate warming has become an indisputable fact, and wheat is among the most heat-sensitive cereal crops. Heat stress during grain filling threatens global wheat production and food security. Here, we analyzed the physiological and proteomic changes by delayed sowing on the photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves under heat stress. Our aim is to provide a new cultivation way for the heat stress resistance in wheat. Methods: Through 2 years field experiment and an open warming simulation system, we compared the changes in wheat grain weight, yield, photosynthetic rate, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under heat stress at late grain-filling stage during normal sowing and delayed sowing. At the same time, based on the iTRAQ proteomics, we compared the changes of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during the two sowing periods under high temperature stress. Key Results: In our study, compared with normal sowing, delayed sowing resulted in a significantly higher photosynthetic rate during the grain-filling stage under heat stress, as well as significantly increased grain weight and yield at maturity. The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step. Moreover, OJIP parameters, including RC/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, DIo/CSm and ΦPo, ψo, ΦEo, were significantly increased; DIo/CSm and ΦDo, were significantly reduced. GO biological process and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that, among DEPs, proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport were significantly increased and among photosynthetic metabolic pathways, we have observed upregulated proteins, such as PsbH, PsbR, and PetB. Conclusion: Physiological and proteomic analyses indicate delaying the sowing date of winter wheat reduced heat dissipation by enhancing the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in flag leaves, and ensuring energy transmission along the photosynthetic electron transport chain; this increased the distribution ratio of available energy in photochemical reactions and maintained a high photosynthetic system assimilation capacity, which supported a high photosynthetic rate. Hence, delayed sowing may represent a new cultivation strategy for promoting heat stress tolerance in winter wheat.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing gave a significantly higher photosynthetic rate than normal sowing during the grain-filling stage under heat stress.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- grain-filling stagee1
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- under heat stresse1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e1“compared with normal sowing, delayed sowing resulted in a significantly higher photosynthetic rate during the grain-filling stage under heat stress, as well as significantly increased grain weight and yield at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing significantly increased grain weight and yield at maturity compared with normal sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- grain weight and yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e1“compared with normal sowing, delayed sowing resulted in a significantly higher photosynthetic rate during the grain-filling stage under heat stress, as well as significantly increased grain weight and yield at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- J-step and I-stepe2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e2“The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step”
Claim · model-written summary
OJIP parameters RC/CSm, TRo/CSm and ETo/CSm were significantly increased under delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- RC/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSme3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e2“The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step”
e3“OJIP parameters, including RC/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, DIo/CSm and ΦPo, ψo, ΦEo, were significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
OJIP parameters ΦPo, ψo and ΦEo were significantly increased under delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- ΦPo, ψo, ΦEoe3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e2“The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step”
e3“OJIP parameters, including RC/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, DIo/CSm and ΦPo, ψo, ΦEo, were significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
OJIP parameter DIo/CSm was significantly increased under delayed sowing, as listed in the abstract.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- DIo/CSme3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e2“The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step”
e3“OJIP parameters, including RC/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm, DIo/CSm and ΦPo, ψo, ΦEo, were significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
OJIP parameters DIo/CSm and ΦDo were significantly reduced under delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- DIo/CSm and ΦDoe4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e2“The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step”
e4“DIo/CSm and ΦDo, were significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Among differentially expressed proteins, proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport were significantly increased under delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge2
- Outcome
- proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transporte5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e2“The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis showed that delayed sowing significantly reduced the J-step and I-step”
e5“GO biological process and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that, among DEPs, proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport were significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Upregulated proteins in flag leaves of winter wheat included PsbH, PsbR and PetB.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- PsbH, PsbR, and PetBe6
- Outcome
- upregulated proteinse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat leaves”
e6“we have observed upregulated proteins, such as PsbH, PsbR, and PetB”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying the sowing date reduced heat dissipation by enhancing the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species in flag leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- delaying the sowing datee7
- Outcome
- heat dissipatione7
- Qualifier
- enhancing the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in flag leavese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“delaying the sowing date of winter wheat reduced heat dissipation by enhancing the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing may be a new cultivation strategy for promoting heat stress tolerance in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Outcome
- heat stress tolerancee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“delayed sowing may represent a new cultivation strategy for promoting heat stress tolerance in winter wheat”
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