Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in plant resistance. However, whether and how plant pathogens target splicing in their host remains mostly unknown. For example, although infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide, has been shown to significantly influence the levels of alternatively spliced transcripts in the host, the mechanisms that govern this process, and its functional consequence have not been examined. Here, we identified Pst_A23 as a new Pst arginine-rich effector that localizes to host nuclear speckles, nuclear regions enriched in splicing factors. We demonstrated that transient expression of Pst_A23 suppresses plant basal defence dependent on the Pst_A23 nuclear speckle localization and that this protein plays an important role in virulence, stable silencing of which improves wheat stripe rust resistance. Remarkably, RNA-Seq data revealed that AS patterns of 588 wheat genes are altered in Pst_A23-overexpressing lines compared to control plants. To further examine the direct relationship between Pst_A23 and AS, we confirmed direct binding between two RNA motifs predicted from these altered splicing sites and Pst_A23 in vitro. The two RNA motifs we chose occur in the cis-element of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53, and we validated that Pst_A23 overexpression results in decreased functional transcripts of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 while silencing of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 impairs wheat resistance to Pst. Overall, this represents formal evidence that plant pathogens produce 'splicing' effectors, which regulate host pre-mRNA splicing by direct engagement of the splicing sites, thereby interfering with host immunity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of Pst_A23 suppresses plant basal defence, dependent on its nuclear speckle localization.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- transient expression of Pst_A23e1
- Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticie0pathogen - Gene
- Pst_A23e1
- Outcome
- plant basal defencee1
- Direction
- suppressese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e1“transient expression of Pst_A23 suppresses plant basal defence dependent on the Pst_A23 nuclear speckle localization”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst_A23 is a Puccinia striiformis arginine-rich effector that localizes to host nuclear speckles in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Pste2pathogen
- Gene
- Pst_A23e2
- Outcome
- localizes to host nuclear specklese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e2“identified Pst_A23 as a new Pst arginine-rich effector that localizes to host nuclear speckles”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable silencing of Pst_A23 improves wheat stripe rust resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- stable silencinge3
- Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticiPuccinia striiformis f. sp. triticie0pathogen
- Outcome
- wheat stripe rust resistancee3
- Direction
- improvese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e3“stable silencing of which improves wheat stripe rust resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst_A23 overexpression altered the alternative splicing patterns of 588 wheat genes compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- Pst_A23-overexpressing linese4
- Outcome
- AS patterns of 588 wheat genese4
- Direction
- alterede4
- Value
- 588e4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“RNA-Seq data revealed that AS patterns of 588 wheat genes are altered in Pst_A23-overexpressing lines compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst_A23 directly binds two RNA motifs predicted from the altered splicing sites in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- Pst_A23e5
- Outcome
- direct binding between two RNA motifse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e5“we confirmed direct binding between two RNA motifs predicted from these altered splicing sites and Pst_A23 in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst_A23 overexpression decreased the functional transcripts of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pst_A23 overexpressione6
- Gene
- TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53e6
- Outcome
- functional transcripts of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53e6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e6“Pst_A23 overexpression results in decreased functional transcripts of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 impairs wheat resistance to Pst.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- silencing of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53e7
- Interactor
- Pste7pathogen
- Gene
- TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53e7
- Outcome
- wheat resistance to Pste7
- Direction
- impairse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e7“silencing of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 impairs wheat resistance to Pst”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant pathogens produce splicing effectors that regulate host pre-mRNA splicing by direct engagement of the splicing sites, thereby interfering with host immunity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- plant pathogense1pathogen
- Outcome
- host immunitye2
- Qualifier
- by direct engagement of the splicing sitese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide”
e1“this represents formal evidence that plant pathogens produce”
e2“thereby interfering with host immunity”
e3“by direct engagement of the splicing sites”
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