Abstract
Sugarcane filter cake is a by-product of the sugarcane industry and its accumulation without use may increase the risk of environmental pollution. Filter cake valorization to be used as a soil amendment is of special interest due to its high content of nutrients and organic matter. However, little is known about its effect on soil health and productivity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) plants. Laboratory and 2-year field studies were conducted to investigate the effect of fresh (FC) and composted filter cake (CFC) in combination with plant growth stimulating bacteria (PGSB) on soil quality and fruit yield of mango. The field experiment contained two factors: the first one was the inoculation with plant growth stimulating bacteria [with (PGSB +) or without inoculation (PGSB −)]. The second factor consisted of five treatments: C = control, FC1 = fresh filter cake at 5 t ha−1, FC2 = fresh filter cake at 10 t ha−1, CFC1 = composted filter cake at 5 t ha−1, and CFC2 = composted filter cake at 10 t ha−1. The addition of FC1, FC2, CFC1, and CFC2 with PGSB + inoculation increased the soil organic-C by 16, 26, 16, and 28%, respectively, compared to C. PGSB significantly increased the nutrient availability and uptake and enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase and phosphatase (acid and alkaline) enzymes in the studied sandy soil. PGSB enhanced the soil health and caused a 10% increase in the fruit yield of mango plants compared to the non-inoculated treatments. PGSB and CFC2 significantly increased the chlorophyll, leaf area, number of leaves, and shoot length by 27, 57, 20, 23, and 40% compared to C. CFC2 increased the fruit yield by 40 and 39%, respectively, in the first and second seasons compared to FC2. PGSB and CFC2 significantly improved the total soluble solids, total sugar, vitamin C, and pulp in the fruit of mango compared to C. The addition of fresh filter mud cake significantly reduced the soil health and fruit yield of mango compared to the composted form. The addition of composted form resulted in higher levels of nutrient availability and enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymes compared to the fresh form. Although the addition of fresh filter cake directly to the soil was less efficient in improving the soil quality and mango yield compared to the composted form, this method is much cheaper and easier than composting of filter cake. Soil health of arid degraded soils is expected to be more sustainable with the combined use of composted filter cake and plant growth stimulating bacteria than using fresh organic fertilizer alone.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
FC1 with bacterial inoculation increased soil organic carbon by 16% versus control.
- Taxon
- mango
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Mangifera indicat0 - Treatment
- FC1e0
- Outcome
- soil organic-Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16e0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The addition of FC1, FC2, CFC1, and CFC2 with PGSB + inoculation increased the soil organic-C by 16, 26, 16, and 28%, respectively, compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
FC2 with bacterial inoculation increased soil organic carbon by 26% versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- FC2e0
- Outcome
- soil organic-Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26e0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of FC1, FC2, CFC1, and CFC2 with PGSB + inoculation increased the soil organic-C by 16, 26, 16, and 28%, respectively, compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
CFC1 with bacterial inoculation increased soil organic carbon by 16% versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- CFC1e0
- Outcome
- soil organic-Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16e0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of FC1, FC2, CFC1, and CFC2 with PGSB + inoculation increased the soil organic-C by 16, 26, 16, and 28%, respectively, compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
CFC2 with bacterial inoculation increased soil organic carbon by 28% versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- CFC2e0
- Outcome
- soil organic-Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of FC1, FC2, CFC1, and CFC2 with PGSB + inoculation increased the soil organic-C by 16, 26, 16, and 28%, respectively, compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB increased nutrient availability and uptake.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PGSBe0
- Outcome
- nutrient availability and uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB significantly increased the nutrient availability and uptake”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB enhanced soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PGSBe0
- Outcome
- activity of dehydrogenase and phosphatase (acid and alkaline) enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB significantly increased the nutrient availability and uptake and enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase and phosphatase (acid and alkaline) enzymes in the studied sandy soil.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB raised mango fruit yield by 10% versus uninoculated treatments.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Treatment
- PGSBe0
- Outcome
- fruit yield of mango plantse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB enhanced the soil health and caused a 10% increase in the fruit yield of mango plants compared to the non-inoculated treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB with CFC2 increased mango chlorophyll by 27% versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PGSB and CFC2e0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27e0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB and CFC2 significantly increased the chlorophyll, leaf area, number of leaves, and shoot length by 27, 57, 20, 23, and 40% compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB with CFC2 increased mango leaf area versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PGSB and CFC2e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB and CFC2 significantly increased the chlorophyll, leaf area, number of leaves, and shoot length by 27, 57, 20, 23, and 40% compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB with CFC2 increased mango leaf number versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PGSB and CFC2e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB and CFC2 significantly increased the chlorophyll, leaf area, number of leaves, and shoot length by 27, 57, 20, 23, and 40% compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB with CFC2 increased mango shoot length versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- PGSB and CFC2e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB and CFC2 significantly increased the chlorophyll, leaf area, number of leaves, and shoot length by 27, 57, 20, 23, and 40% compared to C.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
CFC2 increased first-season mango fruit yield 40% versus FC2.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- CFC2e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40e0
- Qualifier
- firste0
- Comparator
- FC2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CFC2 increased the fruit yield by 40 and 39%, respectively, in the first and second seasons compared to FC2.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
CFC2 increased second-season mango fruit yield 39% versus FC2.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- CFC2e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Qualifier
- second seasonse0
- Comparator
- FC2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CFC2 increased the fruit yield by 40 and 39%, respectively, in the first and second seasons compared to FC2.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PGSB with CFC2 improved mango fruit soluble solids, sugar, vitamin C and pulp versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Treatment
- PGSB and CFC2e0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, total sugar, vitamin C, and pulpe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGSB and CFC2 significantly improved the total soluble solids, total sugar, vitamin C, and pulp in the fruit of mango compared to C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh filter cake reduced mango yield and soil health relative to composted cake.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Treatment
- fresh filter mud cakee0
- Outcome
- soil health and fruit yield of mangoe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- composted forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of fresh filter mud cake significantly reduced the soil health and fruit yield of mango compared to the composted form.”
Claim · model-written summary
Composted cake raised nutrient availability and soil enzyme activity versus fresh cake.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- composted forme0
- Outcome
- nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- fresh forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of composted form resulted in higher levels of nutrient availability and enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymes compared to the fresh form.”
t0“mango”
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