Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) was recently shown to induce melatonin synthesis in rice. Here, we examined whether brassinosteroids (BRs) also induce melatonin synthesis because BRs and GA show redundancy in many functions. Among several plant hormones, exogenous BR treatment induced melatonin synthesis by twofold compared to control treatment, whereas ethylene, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed negligible effects on melatonin synthesis. Correspondingly, BR treatment also induced a number of melatonin biosynthetic genes in conjunction with the suppression of melatonin catabolic gene expression. Several transgenic rice plants with downregulated BR biosynthesis-related genes, such as DWARF4, DWARF11, and RAV-Like1 (RAVL1), were generated and exhibited decreased melatonin synthesis, indicating that BRs act as endogenous elicitors of melatonin synthesis. Notably, treatment with either GA or BR fully restored melatonin synthesis in the presence of paclobutrazol, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Moreover, exogenous BR treatment partially restored melatonin synthesis in both RAVL1 and Gα RNAi transgenic rice plants, whereas GA treatment fully restored melatonin synthesis comparable to wild type in RAVL1 RNAi plants. Taken together, our results highlight a role of BR as an endogenous elicitor of melatonin synthesis in a GA-independent manner in rice plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous brassinosteroid doubled melatonin synthesis relative to control.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- exogenous BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- twofolde0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“exogenous BR treatment induced melatonin synthesis by twofold compared to control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene had negligible effect on melatonin synthesis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- negligible effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“ethylene, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed negligible effects on melatonin synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
6-benzylaminopurine had negligible effect on melatonin synthesis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 6-benzylaminopurine (BA)e0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- negligible effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed negligible effects on melatonin synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole-3-acetic acid had negligible effect on melatonin synthesis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- negligible effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed negligible effects on melatonin synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroid treatment induced melatonin biosynthetic genes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin biosynthetic genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“BR treatment also induced a number of melatonin biosynthetic genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroid treatment suppressed melatonin catabolic gene expression.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin catabolic gene expressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“BR treatment also induced a number of melatonin biosynthetic genes in conjunction with the suppression of melatonin catabolic gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Downregulating BR biosynthesis genes decreased melatonin synthesis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- downregulated BR biosynthesis-related genese0
- Gene
- DWARF4, DWARF11, and RAV-Like1 (RAVL1)e0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic rice plants with downregulated BR biosynthesis-related genes, such as DWARF4, DWARF11, and RAV-Like1 (RAVL1), were generated and exhibited decreased melatonin synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
GA restored melatonin synthesis in the presence of paclobutrazol.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of paclobutrazole0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with either GA or BR fully restored melatonin synthesis in the presence of paclobutrazol”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BR restored melatonin synthesis in the presence of paclobutrazol.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of paclobutrazole0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with either GA or BR fully restored melatonin synthesis in the presence of paclobutrazol”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
BR partially restored melatonin synthesis in RAVL1 RNAi plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- RAVL1e0
- Treatment
- exogenous BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- partiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous BR treatment partially restored melatonin synthesis in both RAVL1 and Gα RNAi transgenic rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BR partially restored melatonin synthesis in Gα RNAi plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Gα RNAie0
- Treatment
- exogenous BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- partiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous BR treatment partially restored melatonin synthesis in both RAVL1 and Gα RNAi transgenic rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GA fully restored melatonin synthesis in RAVL1 RNAi plants to wild-type levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- RAVL1 RNAi plantse0
- Treatment
- GA treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA treatment fully restored melatonin synthesis comparable to wild type in RAVL1 RNAi plants”
t0“Rice Seedlings”
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