Abstract
The effect of boron (B) deficiency on reproductive development was examined in a wheat line SW41 at 4 B levels in a field experiment. The soil B levels (designated BO, B1, B2, B3) ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 mg hot water soluble B kg-1. No effect on vegetative growth was detected at any of the B levels, but the number of grains per ear increased with B, from 7 in BO to 21 in B3; and Grain Set Index (GSI) also increased from 22 to 60%. At ear emergence, B content (mg B kg-1 DW) of the ear ranged from 2.2 to 3.1, and of the flag leaf from 4.1 to 4.7, but these bore slight to no relationship to the number of grains per ear or GSI. Higher B concentrations were found in the carpel, and higher still in the anthers. More significantly, grain set was closely correlated with B in the carpel (R2 = 0.86) and anthers (R2 = 0.77). The significant correlation between GSI and carpel and anther B was confirmed with a larger set of data. With 7 mg B kg-1 DW in the anthers and 5 mg B kg-1 DW in the carpel, the number of grains per ear was doubled when cross pollination with B deficiency tolerant Fang 60 growing near by was allowed. In ears with 9 mg B kg-1 in the anthers and 8 mg B kg-1 in the carpel the effect of cross pollination was smaller, but still significant. The critical deficiency concentration (CDC) of B for the anthers was determined at 10 mg B kg-1 and for the carpel at 8 mg B kg-1. Histological examination of SW41 anthers revealed that microsporogenesis in B-deficient plants proceeded normally up to at least the uninucleate, vacuolate stage. However, pollen maturation was severely affected resulting in shrivelled pollen grains. The programmed development of the tapetum and endothecial layers appeared normal in anthers where partial or complete sterility occurred. It is concluded that reproductive development in wheat requires more B than vegetative growth. The B requirement of the male reproductive organ, the anthers, was also greater than that of the carpel. Since the B requirement in the carpel for successful fertilization and grain set probably also reflects B requirement for pollen germination, it is suggested that B requirement for female gamete development may be lower than the apparent requirement of the carpel.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Boron levels had no detectable effect on vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- B levelse0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- No effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No effect on vegetative growth was detected at any of the B levels”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grains per ear increased from 7 at BO to 21 at B3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B3e0
- Outcome
- number of grains per eare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21e0
- Qualifier
- 7 in BOe0
- Comparator
- BOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of grains per ear increased with B, from 7 in BO to 21 in B3”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Set Index increased from 22 to 60% with boron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- boront0
- Outcome
- Grain Set Indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Qualifier
- 22e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain Set Index (GSI) also increased from 22 to 60%”
t0“Boron requirement for reproductive development in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear boron content at ear emergence ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 mg B kg-1 DW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- eare0
- Outcome
- B contente0
- Value
- 2.2 to 3.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At ear emergence, B content (mg B kg-1 DW) of the ear ranged from 2.2 to 3.1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag leaf boron content at ear emergence ranged from 4.1 to 4.7 mg B kg-1 DW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- flag leafe0
- Value
- 4.1 to 4.7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and of the flag leaf from 4.1 to 4.7”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear and flag leaf boron content had little relationship with grain number or GSI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- eare0
- Outcome
- number of grains per ear or GSIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these bore slight to no relationship to the number of grains per ear or GSI”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron concentration was higher in the carpel and higher still in the anthers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- B concentrationse0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Comparator
- carpele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher B concentrations were found in the carpel, and higher still in the anthers”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain set correlated closely with carpel boron concentration (R2 = 0.86).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- carpele0
- Outcome
- grain sete0
- Value
- R2 = 0.86e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain set was closely correlated with B in the carpel (R2 = 0.86)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain set correlated closely with anther boron concentration (R2 = 0.77).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- grain sete0
- Value
- R2 = 0.77e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain set was closely correlated with B in the carpel (R2 = 0.86) and anthers (R2 = 0.77)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A larger dataset confirmed a significant correlation between GSI and carpel and anther boron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- carpel and anthere0
- Outcome
- GSIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significant correlation between GSI and carpel and anther B was confirmed with a larger set of data”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cross pollination with Fang 60 doubled grain number at lower anther and carpel boron concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Fang 60e0
- Treatment
- cross pollinatione0
- Outcome
- number of grains per eare0
- Direction
- doublede0
- Value
- 7 mg B kg-1 DWe0
- Qualifier
- 5 mg B kg-1 DWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With 7 mg B kg-1 DW in the anthers and 5 mg B kg-1 DW in the carpel, the number of grains per ear was doubled when cross pollination with B deficiency tolerant Fang 60 growing near by was allowed”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher anther and carpel boron concentrations, cross pollination had a smaller but significant effect.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cross pollinatione0
- Outcome
- effect of cross pollinatione0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 9 mg B kg-1e0
- Qualifier
- 8 mg B kg-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In ears with 9 mg B kg-1 in the anthers and 8 mg B kg-1 in the carpel the effect of cross pollination was smaller, but still significant”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical boron deficiency concentration in anthers was 10 mg B kg-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- critical deficiency concentration (CDC) of Be0
- Value
- 10 mg B kg-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The critical deficiency concentration (CDC) of B for the anthers was determined at 10 mg B kg-1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical boron deficiency concentration in the carpel was 8 mg B kg-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- carpele0
- Value
- 8 mg B kg-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and for the carpel at 8 mg B kg-1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Microsporogenesis in boron-deficient SW41 proceeded normally at least through the uninucleate vacuolate stage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- uninucleate, vacuolate stagee0
- Outcome
- microsporogenesise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microsporogenesis in B-deficient plants proceeded normally up to at least the uninucleate, vacuolate stage”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron deficiency severely affected pollen maturation and produced shrivelled pollen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B-deficiente0
- Outcome
- pollen maturatione0
- Direction
- severely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microsporogenesis in B-deficient plants proceeded normally up to at least the uninucleate, vacuolate stage. However, pollen maturation was severely affected resulting in shrivelled pollen grains”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tapetum and endothecial layer development appeared normal even in sterile anthers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- development of the tapetum and endothecial layerse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The programmed development of the tapetum and endothecial layers appeared normal in anthers where partial or complete sterility occurred”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat reproduction required more boron than vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- vegetative growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reproductive development in wheat requires more B than vegetative growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The anthers required more boron than the carpel.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- B requiremente0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- carpele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The B requirement of the male reproductive organ, the anthers, was also greater than that of the carpel”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Female gamete development may require less boron than the apparent carpel requirement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- B requirement for female gamete developmente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- apparent requirement of the carpele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B requirement for female gamete development may be lower than the apparent requirement of the carpel”
t0“wheat”
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