Abstract
Abstract Young, actively growing, container-grown Malling Merton (MM) 106 apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.), trained to a single shoot in a greenhouse, were oriented at vertical, 45° from vertical (45°), 90° from vertical (90°), or 90° from vertical and rotated at 1 rpm (90° rotated), and summer-pruned to remove none or 50% of 70.0-cm shoots. Orientation in a nonvertical position and summer pruning delayed a decline in net photosynthesis (Pn) exhibited by vertical unpruned trees. Pruning but not orientation increased total shoot growth, shoot number, and the number and total area of leaves of subsequent growth, but decreased average leaf size. Within 1 week after orientation, unpruned trees at 45° or 90° showed a decline of terminal shoot growth. However, 60 days after pruning a delayed growth of axillary shoots along the tree axis resulted in no difference in total shoot growth, leaf area, or leaf number on subsequent growth compared to vertical unpruned trees. Orientation at 45° and 90° increased the dry-weight root:shoot ratio and induced rootsuckers. Pruning decreased the root dry weight in all tree orientations. Rotation of unpruned trees increased apical growth, axillary shoot numbers, and dry weight of subsequent growth, and decreased root growth compared to unrotated trees.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nonvertical orientation delayed the decline in apple tree net photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- Orientation in a nonvertical positione0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis (Pn)e0
- Direction
- delayed a declinee0
- Comparator
- vertical unpruned treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Orientation in a nonvertical position and summer pruning delayed a decline in net photosynthesis (Pn) exhibited by vertical unpruned trees.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer pruning delayed the decline in apple tree net photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- summer pruninge0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis (Pn)e0
- Direction
- delayed a declinee0
- Comparator
- vertical unpruned treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Orientation in a nonvertical position and summer pruning delayed a decline in net photosynthesis (Pn) exhibited by vertical unpruned trees.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning increased total shoot growth, shoot number, and the number of leaves of subsequent growth.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pruninge0
- Outcome
- total shoot growth, shoot number, and the numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning but not orientation increased total shoot growth, shoot number, and the number and total area of leaves of subsequent growth, but decreased average leaf size.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning increased total leaf area of subsequent growth.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pruninge0
- Outcome
- total area of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning but not orientation increased total shoot growth, shoot number, and the number and total area of leaves of subsequent growth, but decreased average leaf size.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning decreased average leaf size.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pruninge0
- Outcome
- average leaf sizee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning but not orientation increased total shoot growth, shoot number, and the number and total area of leaves of subsequent growth, but decreased average leaf size.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Unpruned trees oriented at 45° or 90° had declining terminal shoot growth within one week.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- 45° or 90°e0
- Outcome
- terminal shoot growthe0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Qualifier
- Within 1 weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within 1 week after orientation, unpruned trees at 45° or 90° showed a decline of terminal shoot growth.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sixty days after pruning, delayed axillary shoot growth left no difference in total shoot growth, leaf area, or leaf number relative to vertical unpruned trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- pruninge0
- Outcome
- total shoot growth, leaf area, or leaf numbere0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Qualifier
- 60 days after pruninge0
- Comparator
- vertical unpruned treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“60 days after pruning a delayed growth of axillary shoots along the tree axis resulted in no difference in total shoot growth, leaf area, or leaf number on subsequent growth compared to vertical unpruned trees.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Orientation at 45° and 90° increased the dry-weight root-to-shoot ratio and induced root suckers.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Orientation at 45° and 90°e0
- Outcome
- dry-weight root:shoot ratio and induced rootsuckerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Orientation at 45° and 90° increased the dry-weight root:shoot ratio and induced rootsuckers.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning decreased root dry weight at every tree orientation.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pruninge0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- all tree orientationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning decreased the root dry weight in all tree orientations.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation of unpruned trees increased apical growth, axillary shoot numbers, and subsequent growth dry weight.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Rotation of unpruned treese0
- Outcome
- apical growth, axillary shoot numbers, and dry weight of subsequent growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- unrotated treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotation of unpruned trees increased apical growth, axillary shoot numbers, and dry weight of subsequent growth, and decreased root growth compared to unrotated trees.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation decreased root growth in unpruned trees relative to unrotated trees.
- Taxon
- Malus domesticaMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Rotation of unpruned treese0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- unrotated treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotation of unpruned trees increased apical growth, axillary shoot numbers, and dry weight of subsequent growth, and decreased root growth compared to unrotated trees.”
e1“apple trees ( Malus domestica Borkh.)”
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57 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 106 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.