Abstract
Raising yields and agricultural production efficiency is the primary goal of realizing modern agriculture. As a low-cost and environmentally friendly technology, activated water has the potential to increase crop yields and improve water and fertilizer use efficiency, but much research is still needed to make this technology widely available in the field. Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of magnetized water, aerated water, and magnetized aerated water on rice and wheat seedling and root growth. The results showed that aerated water irrigation significantly increased plant height by 5.1–9.6%, leaf area by 21.1%, and aboveground biomass by 14.8–16.3%, respectively. Aerated water irrigation also significantly promoted rice root biomass, maximum root length, total root length, total root surface area, and especially the proportion of roots less than 0.5 mm in diameter, indicating that aerated water enhances the growth of rice seedlings mainly by promoting root growth, especially fine root (D ≤ 0.5 mm) growth. The maximum root length and total root volume of wheat roots under magnetized water irrigation treatment were increased by 7.7–8.6% and 17.2%, respectively, resulting in a significant increase in aboveground dry biomass by 13.6%. Magnetized water and magnetized aerated water irrigation also promoted the growth of rice seedlings and roots. In contrast, aerated water and magnetized aerated water irrigation exhibited an inhibitory effect on the growth of wheat seedlings and roots. Therefore, activated water has different effects on different crops in hydroponics, and more research is needed in the future to determine the conditions for the application of activated water in agriculture.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water irrigation significantly increased plant height by 5.1–9.6%.
- Taxon
- rice and wheat
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- aerated water irrigatione1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 5.1–9.6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e1“aerated water irrigation significantly increased plant height by 5.1–9.6%, leaf area by 21.1%, and aboveground biomass by 14.8–16.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water irrigation significantly increased leaf area by 21.1%.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- aerated water irrigatione1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e1“aerated water irrigation significantly increased plant height by 5.1–9.6%, leaf area by 21.1%, and aboveground biomass by 14.8–16.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water irrigation significantly increased aboveground biomass by 14.8–16.3%.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- aerated water irrigatione1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 14.8–16.3%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e1“aerated water irrigation significantly increased plant height by 5.1–9.6%, leaf area by 21.1%, and aboveground biomass by 14.8–16.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water irrigation significantly promoted rice root biomass.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Aerated water irrigatione2
- Outcome
- rice root biomasse2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e2“Aerated water irrigation also significantly promoted rice root biomass, maximum root length, total root length, total root surface area, and especially the proportion of roots less than 0.5 mm in diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water irrigation significantly promoted maximum root length, total root length and total root surface area of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Aerated water irrigatione2
- Outcome
- maximum root length, total root length, total root surface areae2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e2“Aerated water irrigation also significantly promoted rice root biomass, maximum root length, total root length, total root surface area, and especially the proportion of roots less than 0.5 mm in diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water irrigation significantly promoted the proportion of rice roots less than 0.5 mm in diameter.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Aerated water irrigatione2
- Outcome
- proportion of roots less than 0.5 mm in diametere2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e2“Aerated water irrigation also significantly promoted rice root biomass, maximum root length, total root length, total root surface area, and especially the proportion of roots less than 0.5 mm in diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water enhances rice seedling growth mainly by promoting root growth, especially fine root growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- aerated watere3
- Outcome
- growth of rice seedlingse3
- Qualifier
- mainly by promoting root growthe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e3“indicating that aerated water enhances the growth of rice seedlings mainly by promoting root growth, especially fine root (D ≤ 0.5 mm) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Under magnetized water irrigation the maximum root length of wheat increased by 7.7–8.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- magnetized water irrigation treatmente4
- Outcome
- maximum root lengthe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 7.7–8.6%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e4“The maximum root length and total root volume of wheat roots under magnetized water irrigation treatment were increased by 7.7–8.6% and 17.2%, respectively, resulting in a significant increase in aboveground dry biomass by 13.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under magnetized water irrigation the total root volume of wheat increased by 17.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- magnetized water irrigation treatmente4
- Outcome
- total root volumee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 17.2%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e4“The maximum root length and total root volume of wheat roots under magnetized water irrigation treatment were increased by 7.7–8.6% and 17.2%, respectively, resulting in a significant increase in aboveground dry biomass by 13.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under magnetized water irrigation the aboveground dry biomass of wheat significantly increased by 13.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- magnetized water irrigation treatmente4
- Outcome
- aboveground dry biomasse4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 13.6%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e4“The maximum root length and total root volume of wheat roots under magnetized water irrigation treatment were increased by 7.7–8.6% and 17.2%, respectively, resulting in a significant increase in aboveground dry biomass by 13.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized water and magnetized aerated water irrigation promoted the growth of rice seedlings and roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- Magnetized water and magnetized aerated water irrigatione5
- Outcome
- growth of rice seedlings and rootse5
- Direction
- promotede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e5“Magnetized water and magnetized aerated water irrigation also promoted the growth of rice seedlings and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated water and magnetized aerated water irrigation inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- aerated water and magnetized aerated water irrigatione6
- Outcome
- growth of wheat seedlings and rootse6
- Direction
- inhibitory effecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of Irrigation with Activated Water on Root Morphology of Hydroponic Rice and Wheat Seedlings”
e6“In contrast, aerated water and magnetized aerated water irrigation exhibited an inhibitory effect on the growth of wheat seedlings and roots”
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