Abstract
Salinity is considered a top challenge facing food security, globally. The effects of different amounts of date palm-derived biochar on spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv. Balady) affected by saline water irrigation were studied in a pot experiment carried out at the months of October and November during the winter season of 2021. Results showed that salt stress negatively affected the morphological and physiological parameters of spinach plants such as the shoot system (4%, 13.3% at salinities of 5 and 10 dSm-1, respectively). The addition of biochar significantly increased the root length under all salt stress conditions. The results showed that the addition of biochar resulted in improved biomass weight at 2.5 and 5 dSm-1 salinity at all levels. The number of leaves increased by only 3.08% at 2.5 dSm-1 salinity, while it decreased by 13.8 and 35.2% at the next two salinities; 5.00 and 10.0 dSm-1, respectively. The overall reduction values were achieved corresponding to the higher saltwater concentration (10 dSm-1) compared to the control plants. It seems that the addition of biochar up to 1% also showed promising results in all observations. The results obtained from measuring membrane stability index (MSI) and electrolyte leakage (EL) showed that all stressed plants had increased MSI values and decreased EL values compared to the control. Sodium, soluble sugars, and proline levels significantly increased corresponding to saline water. Soil amendments utilizing biochar resulted in a significant improvement in plant growth and alleviated salt stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach shoot growth by 4% at 5 dSm-1.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- salinities of 5 and 10 dSm-1e0
- Outcome
- shoot systeme0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot system (4%, 13.3% at salinities of 5 and 10 dSm-1, respectively)”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced spinach shoot growth by 13.3% at 10 dSm-1.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- salinities of 5 and 10 dSm-1e0
- Outcome
- shoot systeme0
- Value
- 13.3%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot system (4%, 13.3% at salinities of 5 and 10 dSm-1, respectively)”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly increased spinach root length under all salt stress conditions.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all salt stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar significantly increased the root length under all salt stress conditions”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved spinach biomass at 2.5 and 5 dSm-1 salinity.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- biomass weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 2.5 and 5 dSm-1 salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of biochar resulted in improved biomass weight at 2.5 and 5 dSm-1 salinity at all levels”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach leaf number increased by 3.08% at 2.5 dSm-1.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 2.5 dSm-1 salinitye0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.08%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of leaves increased by only 3.08% at 2.5 dSm-1 salinity”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach leaf number decreased by 13.8% at 5.00 dSm-1.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 5.00 and 10.0 dSm-1e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased by 13.8 and 35.2% at the next two salinities; 5.00 and 10.0 dSm-1, respectively”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
e1“The number of leaves increased by only 3.08% at 2.5 dSm-1 salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach leaf number decreased by 35.2% at 10.0 dSm-1.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 5.00 and 10.0 dSm-1e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 35.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased by 13.8 and 35.2% at the next two salinities; 5.00 and 10.0 dSm-1, respectively”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
e1“The number of leaves increased by only 3.08% at 2.5 dSm-1 salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Stressed spinach plants had increased membrane stability index relative to controls.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- MSI valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all stressed plants had increased MSI values and decreased EL values compared to the control”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Stressed spinach plants had decreased electrolyte leakage relative to controls.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- EL valuese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all stressed plants had increased MSI values and decreased EL values compared to the control”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach sodium levels rose significantly with saline water.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- Sodiume0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium, soluble sugars, and proline levels significantly increased corresponding to saline water”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach soluble sugar levels rose significantly with saline water.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium, soluble sugars, and proline levels significantly increased corresponding to saline water”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach proline levels rose significantly with saline water.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- proline levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium, soluble sugars, and proline levels significantly increased corresponding to saline water”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly improved spinach growth and alleviated salt stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil amendments utilizing biochar resulted in a significant improvement in plant growth and alleviated salt stress”
t0“Effect of biochar amendment on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth under salt stress conditions”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.