Abstract
Silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) nanoparticles (NPs) and foliar application of proline have been used in alleviating salt stress and enhancing wheat productivity, but the effectiveness of these materials may be enhanced when supplying the sandy degraded soil with organic amendments, e. g., potassium humate (KH). The response of wheat to spraying with a mixture of proline and NPs of Si and Zn in the presence of soil additions of KH needs further clarification, especially in low fertile sandy soils. A split-plot design with three replicates was used to carry out a two-season field experiment in a sandy saline soil (11 dS m−1). The K-humate doses (0, 10, and 20 kg ha−1) were placed in the main plots, while the foliar spraying of proline and NPs were placed in the subplots. The foliar spraying treatments were: water, proline, Si NPs, Zn NPs, Si + Zn NPs, and proline + Si + Zn NPs. The obtained results showed that the soil organic matter (SOM) significantly increased by 13% when K-humate was added at the dose of 20 kg ha−1. The addition of 20 kg ha−1 of K-humate improved the soil's available N, P, and K by 38, 67, and 21% and enhanced the uptake of these nutrients by 6, 13, and 12%, compared to the non-amended soil. Grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 26, 45, and 38%, respectively, when the K-humate increased from 0 to 20 kg ha−1. The grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 21, 26, and 24%, respectively, as a result of foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPs. The addition of K-humate (20 kg ha−1) enhanced the leaf chlorophyll and boosted the K+/Na+ ratio by 36%, compared to the control. Chlorophyll and proline levels in wheat leaves were markedly raised by foliar application of proline and Si and Zn NPs. The soil application of K-humate and the exogenous application of proline improved the effectiveness of Si and Zn NPs in minimizing the adverse effects of salt stress. It is not recommended to only apply silicon and zinc nanoparticles via foliar spraying; an integrated parenteral management plan that depends on the addition of organic amendments to the saline sandy soils is also required.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate at 20 kg ha−1 increased soil organic matter by 13%.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- K-humate was added at the dose of 20 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- soil organic matter (SOM)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil organic matter (SOM) significantly increased by 13% when K-humate was added at the dose of 20 kg ha−1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate increased available soil N by 38%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg ha−1 of K-humatee0
- Outcome
- soil's available Ne0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 38e0
- Comparator
- non-amended soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of 20 kg ha−1 of K-humate improved the soil's available N, P, and K by 38, 67, and 21%”
e1“compared to the non-amended soil”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate increased available soil P by 67%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg ha−1 of K-humatee0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 67e0
- Comparator
- non-amended soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of 20 kg ha−1 of K-humate improved the soil's available N, P, and K by 38, 67, and 21%”
e1“compared to the non-amended soil”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate increased available soil K by 21%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg ha−1 of K-humatee0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Comparator
- non-amended soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of 20 kg ha−1 of K-humate improved the soil's available N, P, and K by 38, 67, and 21%”
e1“compared to the non-amended soil”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate increased grain yield by 26%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26e0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 26, 45, and 38%, respectively, when the K-humate increased from 0 to 20 kg ha−1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate increased straw yield by 45%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- strawe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45e0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 26, 45, and 38%, respectively, when the K-humate increased from 0 to 20 kg ha−1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate increased biological yield by 38%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 20 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 26, 45, and 38%, respectively, when the K-humate increased from 0 to 20 kg ha−1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline plus Si and Zn nanoparticles increased grain yield by 21%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPse0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 21, 26, and 24%, respectively, as a result of foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPs”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline plus Si and Zn nanoparticles increased straw yield by 26%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPse0
- Outcome
- strawe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 21, 26, and 24%, respectively, as a result of foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPs”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline plus Si and Zn nanoparticles increased biological yield by 24%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPse0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain, straw, and biological yield increased by 21, 26, and 24%, respectively, as a result of foliar spraying of proline + Si + Zn NPs”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate raised leaf chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- K-humate (20 kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophylle0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of K-humate (20 kg ha−1) enhanced the leaf chlorophyll and boosted the K+/Na+ ratio by 36%, compared to the control”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
K-humate raised the K+/Na+ ratio by 36%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- K-humate (20 kg ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of K-humate (20 kg ha−1) enhanced the leaf chlorophyll and boosted the K+/Na+ ratio by 36%, compared to the control”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline and Si and Zn nanoparticles raised wheat leaf chlorophyll and proline levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of proline and Si and Zn NPse0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll and proline levelse0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll and proline levels in wheat leaves were markedly raised by foliar application of proline and Si and Zn NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend organic amendments together with foliar nanoparticles in saline sandy soil.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- an integrated parenteral management plan that depends on the addition of organic amendments to the saline sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is not recommended to only apply silicon and zinc nanoparticles via foliar spraying; an integrated parenteral management plan that depends on the addition of organic amendments to the saline sandy soils is also required”
t0“Wheat”
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