Abstract
The interacting effects of botanicals, biocontrol agents, and potting media against the Rhizoctonia solani led damping-off in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) were investigated. The treatments comprised of different combinations of extracts of five botanicals: wood apple/Indian bael – Aegle marmelos L., Neem – Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Turmeric – Curcuma longa L., Ginger – Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Onion – Allium cepa L., and two biocontrol agents, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride as first factors and two potting media; vermicompost with soil and farm yard manure with soil as the second factor in a completely randomized design with 42 treatments and 4 replications. The seeds were sown after pathogen inoculation. Okra seedling health was recorded daily for the first 16 days after sowing. Pseudomonas soil treatment and Pseudomonas + onion seed treatment showed the least pre-emergence damping off (35%). Almost all the combinations of wood apple extracts showed inhibitory effects on seed germination and growth of seedlings. The greatest number of days for the onset of post-emergence damping-off was recorded with Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment (14.88 days) followed by Pseudomonas seed treatment (14.13 days). Germination Index (GI) was better for farm yard manure (0.32) than Vermicompost substrates (0.23). The GI was greatest in Pseudomonas soil treatment (0.53) followed by Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment (0.51). Similarly, Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was greatest for Pseudomonas + Neem seed treatment (0.0015), with a greater value of DQI indicating better seedling quality. No significant interaction was observed between the substrates and biocontrol agents for any studied parameters. Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment and Pseudomonas soil treatment were most effective for controlling R. solani-led damping-off in okra.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas soil treatment had the least pre-emergence damping off at 35%.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas soil treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- pre-emergence damping offe0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas soil treatment and Pseudomonas + onion seed treatment showed the least pre-emergence damping off (35%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas plus onion seed treatment had the least pre-emergence damping off at 35%.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas + onion seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pre-emergence damping offe0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas soil treatment and Pseudomonas + onion seed treatment showed the least pre-emergence damping off (35%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all wood apple extract combinations inhibited seed germination and seedling growth.
- Treatment
- wood apple extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germination and growth of seedlingse0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Almost all the combinations of wood apple extracts showed inhibitory effects on seed germination and growth of seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas plus onion seed treatment gave the longest delay to post-emergence damping-off onset, 14.88 days.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of days for the onset of post-emergence damping-offe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 14.88 dayse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest number of days for the onset of post-emergence damping-off was recorded with Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment (14.88 days) followed by Pseudomonas seed treatment (14.13 days).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas seed treatment delayed post-emergence damping-off onset to 14.13 days.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of days for the onset of post-emergence damping-offe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 14.13 dayse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest number of days for the onset of post-emergence damping-off was recorded with Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment (14.88 days) followed by Pseudomonas seed treatment (14.13 days).”
Claim · model-written summary
Farm yard manure gave a higher germination index, 0.32, than vermicompost at 0.23.
- Treatment
- farm yard manuree0
- Outcome
- Germination Indexe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 0.32e0
- Qualifier
- 0.23e0
- Comparator
- Vermicompost substratese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Germination Index (GI) was better for farm yard manure (0.32) than Vermicompost substrates (0.23).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas soil treatment gave the greatest germination index, 0.53.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas soil treatmente0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- GIe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 0.53e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GI was greatest in Pseudomonas soil treatment (0.53) followed by Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment (0.51).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas plus onion seed treatment gave a germination index of 0.51.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- GIe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 0.51e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GI was greatest in Pseudomonas soil treatment (0.53) followed by Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment (0.51).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas plus Neem seed treatment gave the greatest Dickson Quality Index, 0.0015.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas + Neem seed treatmente0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Dickson Quality Indexe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 0.0015e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was greatest for Pseudomonas + Neem seed treatment (0.0015), with a greater value of DQI indicating better seedling quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate and biocontrol agent interactions were not significant for any studied parameter.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“No significant interaction was observed between the substrates and biocontrol agents for any studied parameters.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified Pseudomonas plus onion seed treatment as among the most effective controls for damping-off.
- Taxon
- okra
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Abelmoschus esculentuse0 - Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment and Pseudomonas soil treatment were most effective for controlling R. solani-led damping-off in okra.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified Pseudomonas soil treatment as among the most effective controls for damping-off.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Pseudomonas soil treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pseudomonas + Onion seed treatment and Pseudomonas soil treatment were most effective for controlling R. solani-led damping-off in okra.”
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