Abstract
Climate change is aggravating soil salinity, causing huge crop losses around the globe. Multiple physiological and biochemical pathways determine the ability of plants to tolerate salt stress. A pot experiment was performed to understand the impact of proline levels, i.e., 0, 10, 20 mM on growth, biochemical and yield attributes of two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress). The pots were filled with river-washed sand; all the plants were irrigated with full-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution and grown for two weeks before application of salt stress. Foliar spray of proline was applied to 46-day-old pea plants, once a week till harvest. Data for various growth and physio-biochemical attributes were collected from 70-day-old pea plants. Imposition of salt stress significantly checked growth, gas exchange characteristics [net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs)], total soluble proteins, concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents, while sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), concentration of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), free proline, and shoot and root Na+ contents increased substantially. Foliar application of proline significantly improved growth, yield, A, gs, activity of POD, and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents, while decreased NPQ values in both pea cultivars under stress and non-stress conditions. Moreover, both pea cultivars showed significant differences as cv. Round exhibited a higher rate of growth, yield, gas exchange, soluble proteins, CAT activity, free proline, shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents compared to L-888. Hence, the outcomes of this study pave the way toward the usage of proline at 20 mM, and cv. Round may be recommended for saline soil cultivation.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased gas exchange (net CO2 assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance) in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- gas exchange characteristicse2
- Direction
- checkede2
- Qualifier
- net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs)e2
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e2“Imposition of salt stress significantly checked growth, gas exchange characteristics [net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs)], total soluble proteins, concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased growth in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- checkede2
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e2“Imposition of salt stress significantly checked growth, gas exchange characteristics [net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs)], total soluble proteins, concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased total soluble proteins in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- total soluble proteinse2
- Direction
- checkede2
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e2“Imposition of salt stress significantly checked growth, gas exchange characteristics [net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs)], total soluble proteins, concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased superoxide dismutase concentration and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contentse2
- Direction
- checkede2
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e2“Imposition of salt stress significantly checked growth, gas exchange characteristics [net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs)], total soluble proteins, concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress substantially increased sub-stomatal CO2 concentration, coefficient of non-photochemical quenching and NPQ in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)e3
- Direction
- increased substantiallye3
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e3“while sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), concentration of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), free proline, and shoot and root Na+ contents increased substantially”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress substantially increased catalase and peroxidase concentration in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- concentration of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)e3
- Direction
- increased substantiallye3
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e3“while sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), concentration of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), free proline, and shoot and root Na+ contents increased substantially”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress substantially increased free proline and shoot and root Na+ contents in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- salt stress (150 mM)e1
- Outcome
- free proline, and shoot and root Na+ contentse3
- Direction
- increased substantiallye3
- Comparator
- control (0 mM; no stress)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
e3“while sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), concentration of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), free proline, and shoot and root Na+ contents increased substantially”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline significantly improved growth and yield of pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Foliar application of prolinee4
- Outcome
- growth, yielde4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Foliar application of proline significantly improved growth, yield, A, gs, activity of POD, and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents, while decreased NPQ values in both pea cultivars under stress and non-stress conditions”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline significantly improved net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and peroxidase activity in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Foliar application of prolinee4
- Outcome
- A, gs, activity of PODe4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Foliar application of proline significantly improved growth, yield, A, gs, activity of POD, and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents, while decreased NPQ values in both pea cultivars under stress and non-stress conditions”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline significantly improved shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Foliar application of prolinee4
- Outcome
- shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contentse4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Foliar application of proline significantly improved growth, yield, A, gs, activity of POD, and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents, while decreased NPQ values in both pea cultivars under stress and non-stress conditions”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline decreased NPQ values in pea under stress and non-stress conditions.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Foliar application of prolinee4
- Outcome
- NPQ valuese4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- under stress and non-stress conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Foliar application of proline significantly improved growth, yield, A, gs, activity of POD, and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents, while decreased NPQ values in both pea cultivars under stress and non-stress conditions”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar cv. Round had higher growth, yield and gas exchange than cv. L-888 in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Material
- cv. Rounde5
- Outcome
- growth, yield, gas exchangee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- L-888e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“cv. Round exhibited a higher rate of growth, yield, gas exchange, soluble proteins, CAT activity, free proline, shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents compared to L-888”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar cv. Round had higher soluble proteins and CAT activity than cv. L-888 in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Material
- cv. Rounde5
- Outcome
- soluble proteins, CAT activitye5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- L-888e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“cv. Round exhibited a higher rate of growth, yield, gas exchange, soluble proteins, CAT activity, free proline, shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents compared to L-888”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar cv. Round had higher free proline and shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents than cv. L-888 in pea.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Material
- cv. Rounde5
- Outcome
- free proline, shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contentse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- L-888e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“cv. Round exhibited a higher rate of growth, yield, gas exchange, soluble proteins, CAT activity, free proline, shoot and root K+ and Ca2+ contents compared to L-888”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline at 20 mM is recommended for use in pea under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Outcome
- usage of proline at 20 mMe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the outcomes of this study pave the way toward the usage of proline at 20 mM, and cv. Round may be recommended for saline soil cultivation”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar cv. Round is recommended for cultivation on saline soil.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse1
- Material
- cv. Rounde6
- Outcome
- saline soil cultivatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the outcomes of this study pave the way toward the usage of proline at 20 mM, and cv. Round may be recommended for saline soil cultivation”
e1“two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (cv. L-888 and cv. Round) under salt stress (150 mM) along with control (0 mM; no stress)”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.