Abstract
This sugar beet acts as a soil remediator in areas where there are high levels of boron (B) in the soil, since it has a high requirement of boron (B) for growth, and has strong resistance to high B levels. Although B toxicity in different plants has been widely researched, little is known about the response of photosystem II (PSII) activity in sugar beet leaves to B toxicity at present. To clarify the growth and photosynthetic physiological response of sugar beet to B toxicity, the effects of different concentrations of H3BO3 (0.05, 1.5, 2.5,3.5 mM) on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant defense system of sugar beet seedlings were investigated by hydroponic experiments. In the present study, high B stress inhibited the growth of sugar beet and significantly decreased the biomass of the plants. There was a remarkable increase in the accumulation of B in the shoots, which affected photosynthesis and decreased the photosynthetic pigments. As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease; at the same time, the photosynthetic performance index based on absorbed light energy (PIABS) decreased as well. Meanwhile, the energy allocation parameters of the PSII reaction center were changed, the light energy utilization capacity and the energy used for electron transfer were reduced and the thermal dissipation was increased at the same time. Furthermore, B toxicity decreased catalase (CAT) activity, increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. According to the results obtained in this study, high B concentrations reduced the rate of photosynthesis and fluorescence, thus weakened antioxidant defense systems, and therefore inhibited the growth of sugar beet plants. Thus, in high B areas, sugar beet possesses excellent tolerance to high B levels and has a high B translocation capacity, so it can be used as a phytoremediation tool. This study provides a basis for the feasibility of sugar beet resistant to high B environments.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
High boron stress inhibited sugar beet growth.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Treatment
- high B stresse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high B stress inhibited the growth of sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
High boron stress significantly decreased sugar beet biomass.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- high B stresse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high B stress inhibited the growth of sugar beet and significantly decreased the biomass of the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron accumulation in shoots increased.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Be0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remarkable increase in the accumulation of B in the shoots”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron accumulation decreased photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Compound
- Be0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accumulation of B in the shoots, which affected photosynthesis and decreased the photosynthetic pigments”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosystem II activity tended to decrease as boron toxicity increased.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- leaf PSII activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- tendencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum photochemical efficiency tended to decrease as boron toxicity increased.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- tendencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
PIABS decreased with increasing boron toxicity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performance index based on absorbed light energy (PIABS)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the photosynthetic performance index based on absorbed light energy (PIABS) decreased as well”
t0“sugar beet”
e1“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity changed energy allocation parameters of the PSII reaction center.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye1
- Outcome
- energy allocation parameters of the PSII reaction centere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the energy allocation parameters of the PSII reaction center were changed”
t0“sugar beet”
e1“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity reduced light energy utilization capacity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye1
- Outcome
- light energy utilization capacitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the light energy utilization capacity and the energy used for electron transfer were reduced”
t0“sugar beet”
e1“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity reduced energy used for electron transfer.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye1
- Outcome
- energy used for electron transfere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the light energy utilization capacity and the energy used for electron transfer were reduced”
t0“sugar beet”
e1“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity increased thermal dissipation.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye1
- Outcome
- thermal dissipatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the thermal dissipation was increased”
t0“sugar beet”
e1“As B toxicity increased, leaf PSII activities and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed a tendency to decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity decreased catalase activity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B toxicity decreased catalase (CAT) activity”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity increased peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B toxicity decreased catalase (CAT) activity, increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity increased superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B toxicity decreased catalase (CAT) activity, increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron toxicity increased malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- B toxicitye0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B toxicity decreased catalase (CAT) activity, increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose sugar beet as a phytoremediation tool in high boron areas.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Outcome
- phytoremediation toole0
- Setting
- high B arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in high B areas, sugar beet possesses excellent tolerance to high B levels and has a high B translocation capacity, so it can be used as a phytoremediation tool”
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