Abstract
Innovative technology to increase efficient nitrogen (N) use while avoiding environmental damages is needed because of the increasing food demand of the rapidly growing global population. Soybean (Glycine max) has evolved a complex symbiosis with N-fixing bacteria that forms nodules to fix N. Herein, foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs) (Fe-based NMs) promoted soybean growth and root nodulation, thus improving the yield and quality over that of the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMs. Mechanistically, flavonoids, key signaling molecules at the initial signaling steps in nodulation, were increased by more than 20% upon exposure to 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMs, due to enhanced key enzyme (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL) activity and up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes (GmPAL, GmC4H, Gm4CL, and GmCHS). Accumulated flavonoids were secreted to the rhizosphere, recruiting rhizobia for colonization. Fe7(PO4)6 NMs increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%, and Fe3O4 NMs increased Allorhizobium and Mesorhizobium by 142.2% and 34.9%, leading to increased root nodules by 50.0% and 35.4% over the unexposed control, respectively. Leghemoglobin content was also noticeably improved by 8.2–46.5% upon Fe-based NMs. The higher levels of nodule number and leghemoglobin content resulted in enhanced N content by 15.5–181.2% during the whole growth period. Finally, the yield (pod number and grain biomass) and quality (flavonoids, soluble protein, and elemental nutrients) were significantly increased more than 14% by Fe-based NMs. Our study provides an effective nanoenabled strategy for inducing root nodules to increase N use efficiency, and then both yield and quality of soybean.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Fe-based nanomaterials promoted soybean growth relative to controls and lower doses.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs)e0
- Outcome
- soybean growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Herein, foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs) (Fe-based NMs) promoted soybean growth and root nodulation, thus improving the yield and quality over that of the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Fe-based nanomaterials promoted soybean root nodulation relative to controls and lower doses.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs)e0
- Outcome
- root nodulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Herein, foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs) (Fe-based NMs) promoted soybean growth and root nodulation, thus improving the yield and quality over that of the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Fe-based nanomaterials improved soybean yield and quality relative to controls and lower doses.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs)e0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Herein, foliar application of 10 mg L–1 Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials (NMs) (Fe-based NMs) promoted soybean growth and root nodulation, thus improving the yield and quality over that of the unexposed control, EDTA-control, and 1 and 5 mg L–1 NMs.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 mg L–1, Fe-based nanomaterials increased flavonoids by more than 20%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMse0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Mechanistically, flavonoids, key signaling molecules at the initial signaling steps in nodulation, were increased by more than 20% upon exposure to 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMs, due to enhanced key enzyme (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL) activity and up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes (GmPAL, GmC4H, Gm4CL, and GmCHS).”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-based nanomaterials enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMse0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PALe0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL) activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Mechanistically, flavonoids, key signaling molecules at the initial signaling steps in nodulation, were increased by more than 20% upon exposure to 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMs, due to enhanced key enzyme (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL) activity and up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes (GmPAL, GmC4H, Gm4CL, and GmCHS).”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-based nanomaterials up-regulated flavonoid biosynthetic genes.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMse0
- Gene
- GmPAL, GmC4H, Gm4CL, and GmCHSe0
- Outcome
- flavonoid biosynthetic genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Mechanistically, flavonoids, key signaling molecules at the initial signaling steps in nodulation, were increased by more than 20% upon exposure to 10 mg L–1 Fe-based NMs, due to enhanced key enzyme (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL) activity and up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes (GmPAL, GmC4H, Gm4CL, and GmCHS).”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulated flavonoids were secreted into the rhizosphere and recruited rhizobia.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- recruiting rhizobia for colonizatione0
- Qualifier
- Accumulated flavonoids were secreted to the rhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Accumulated flavonoids were secreted to the rhizosphere, recruiting rhizobia for colonization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe7(PO4)6 nanomaterials increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe7(PO4)6 NMse0
- Interactor
- AllorhizobiumAllorhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Allorhizobiume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 87.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Fe7(PO4)6 NMs increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%, and Fe3O4 NMs increased Allorhizobium and Mesorhizobium by 142.2% and 34.9%, leading to increased root nodules by 50.0% and 35.4% over the unexposed control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 nanomaterials increased Allorhizobium by 142.2%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NMse0
- Interactor
- AllorhizobiumAllorhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Allorhizobiume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 142.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Fe7(PO4)6 NMs increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%, and Fe3O4 NMs increased Allorhizobium and Mesorhizobium by 142.2% and 34.9%, leading to increased root nodules by 50.0% and 35.4% over the unexposed control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 nanomaterials increased Mesorhizobium by 34.9%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NMse0
- Interactor
- Mesorhizobium
.jpg?width=60)
Mesorhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- Mesorhizobiume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Fe7(PO4)6 NMs increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%, and Fe3O4 NMs increased Allorhizobium and Mesorhizobium by 142.2% and 34.9%, leading to increased root nodules by 50.0% and 35.4% over the unexposed control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe7(PO4)6 nanomaterials increased root nodules by 50.0% relative to unexposed control.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe7(PO4)6 NMse0
- Outcome
- root nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50.0%e0
- Comparator
- unexposed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Fe7(PO4)6 NMs increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%, and Fe3O4 NMs increased Allorhizobium and Mesorhizobium by 142.2% and 34.9%, leading to increased root nodules by 50.0% and 35.4% over the unexposed control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 nanomaterials increased root nodules by 35.4% relative to unexposed control.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NMse0
- Outcome
- root nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.4%e0
- Comparator
- unexposed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Fe7(PO4)6 NMs increased Allorhizobium by 87.3%, and Fe3O4 NMs increased Allorhizobium and Mesorhizobium by 142.2% and 34.9%, leading to increased root nodules by 50.0% and 35.4% over the unexposed control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-based nanomaterials improved leghemoglobin content by 8.2–46.5%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe-based NMse0
- Outcome
- Leghemoglobin contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 8.2–46.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Leghemoglobin content was also noticeably improved by 8.2–46.5% upon Fe-based NMs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nodule number and leghemoglobin content enhanced N content by 15.5–181.2%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- N contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.5–181.2%e0
- Qualifier
- higher levels of nodule number and leghemoglobin contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“The higher levels of nodule number and leghemoglobin content resulted in enhanced N content by 15.5–181.2% during the whole growth period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-based nanomaterials significantly increased pod number and grain biomass by more than 14%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe-based NMse0
- Outcome
- pod number and grain biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Finally, the yield (pod number and grain biomass) and quality (flavonoids, soluble protein, and elemental nutrients) were significantly increased more than 14% by Fe-based NMs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-based nanomaterials significantly increased flavonoids, soluble protein and elemental nutrients by more than 14%.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Fe-based NMse0
- Outcome
- flavonoids, soluble protein, and elemental nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
e0“Finally, the yield (pod number and grain biomass) and quality (flavonoids, soluble protein, and elemental nutrients) were significantly increased more than 14% by Fe-based NMs.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.