Abstract
Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) can delay its availability for plant uptake and increase fertilizer use efficiency, which might be useful for overwintering onion (Allium cepa L.) which has a growing season of 7 to 8 months. The study was performed to evaluate the effect of CRF on bulb yield, nutrient content, and storage quality of intermediate-day onions in onion growers' fields during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The formulation of CRF used was 18N-3.1P-7.5K, and as an N source, 50% polymer-coated urea-N and 50% urea-N plus diammonium phosphate-N were blended. Treatments included CRF 25%, CRF 50%, CRF 100%, or CRF 150% based on the soil test recommended N rate. Separated NPK fertilizers of single application (NPK once), three-split application (NPK 3-split) and non-fertilized plot were checks. Soil NO 3 -N content in all CRF treatments and NPK once peaked at 133 days after transplanting. Marketable bulb yields for NPK once and CRF 150% was 66.12 Mg ha -1 and 65.67 Mg ha -1 , respectively, on a 2-year average, which were not significantly greater than CRF 50%, CRF 100%, and NPK 3-split. Most nutrient uptakes in the bulb were not different among all treatments except for no fertilization. Apparent nutrient recovery of CRF 25% was 32.5% in N, 20.9% in P, and 76.1% in K on a 2-year average, approximately twice that of CRF 100%. Total flavonoids content was higher in CRF 25% than in other treatments. The 50% reduced CRF rate based on the soil test recommended N rate should satisfy crop demand of available nutrients when electric conductivity was more than 1.5 dS m -1 and organic matter was 35 g kg -1 in preplant soil.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Marketable bulb yield of NPK once was 66.12 Mg ha -1, not significantly greater than CRF 50%, CRF 100% and NPK 3-split.
- Taxon
- Onions
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- NPK oncee2
- Outcome
- Marketable bulb yieldse2
- Direction
- not significantly greatere2
- Value
- 66.12 Mg ha -1e2
- Comparator
- CRF 50%, CRF 100%, and NPK 3-splite2
- Setting
- onion growers' fieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e1“in onion growers' fields during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons”
e2“Marketable bulb yields for NPK once and CRF 150% was 66.12 Mg ha -1 and 65.67 Mg ha -1 , respectively, on a 2-year average, which were not significantly greater than CRF 50%, CRF 100%, and NPK 3-split”
Claim · model-written summary
Marketable bulb yield of CRF 150% was 65.67 Mg ha -1, not significantly greater than CRF 50%, CRF 100% and NPK 3-split.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CRF 150%e2
- Outcome
- Marketable bulb yieldse2
- Direction
- not significantly greatere2
- Value
- 65.67 Mg ha -1e2
- Comparator
- CRF 50%, CRF 100%, and NPK 3-splite2
- Setting
- onion growers' fieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e1“in onion growers' fields during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons”
e2“Marketable bulb yields for NPK once and CRF 150% was 66.12 Mg ha -1 and 65.67 Mg ha -1 , respectively, on a 2-year average, which were not significantly greater than CRF 50%, CRF 100%, and NPK 3-split”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb nutrient uptake did not differ among the fertilized treatments; only the non-fertilized control differed.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse3
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakes in the bulbe3
- Direction
- not differente3
- Qualifier
- Moste3
- Comparator
- no fertilizatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e3“Most nutrient uptakes in the bulb were not different among all treatments except for no fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent N recovery of CRF 25% was 32.5%.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CRF 25%e4
- Outcome
- Apparent nutrient recoverye4
- Value
- 32.5%e4
- Qualifier
- in Ne4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e4“Apparent nutrient recovery of CRF 25% was 32.5% in N, 20.9% in P, and 76.1% in K on a 2-year average, approximately twice that of CRF 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent P recovery of CRF 25% was 20.9%.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CRF 25%e4
- Outcome
- Apparent nutrient recoverye4
- Value
- 20.9%e4
- Qualifier
- in Pe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e4“Apparent nutrient recovery of CRF 25% was 32.5% in N, 20.9% in P, and 76.1% in K on a 2-year average, approximately twice that of CRF 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent K recovery of CRF 25% was 76.1%.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CRF 25%e4
- Outcome
- Apparent nutrient recoverye4
- Value
- 76.1%e4
- Qualifier
- in Ke4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e4“Apparent nutrient recovery of CRF 25% was 32.5% in N, 20.9% in P, and 76.1% in K on a 2-year average, approximately twice that of CRF 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent nutrient recovery of CRF 25% was approximately twice that of CRF 100%.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CRF 25%e4
- Outcome
- Apparent nutrient recoverye4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Value
- approximately twicee4
- Comparator
- CRF 100%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e4“Apparent nutrient recovery of CRF 25% was 32.5% in N, 20.9% in P, and 76.1% in K on a 2-year average, approximately twice that of CRF 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoids content was higher in CRF 25% than in other treatments.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CRF 25%e5
- Outcome
- Total flavonoids contente5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e5“Total flavonoids content was higher in CRF 25% than in other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
A 50% reduced CRF rate based on the soil test recommended N rate should satisfy crop demand of available nutrients when soil electric conductivity exceeds 1.5 dS m -1 and organic matter is 35 g kg -1.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 50% reduced CRF ratee6
- Outcome
- satisfy crop demand of available nutrientse6
- Qualifier
- when electric conductivity was more than 1.5 dS m -1 and organic matter was 35 g kg -1 in preplant soile6
- Comparator
- soil test recommended N ratee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e6“The 50% reduced CRF rate based on the soil test recommended N rate should satisfy crop demand of available nutrients when electric conductivity was more than 1.5 dS m -1 and organic matter was 35 g kg -1 in preplant soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate-N content in all CRF treatments and NPK once peaked at 133 days after transplanting.
- Taxon
- OnionsAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- all CRF treatments and NPK oncee7
- Outcome
- Soil NO 3 -N contente7
- Qualifier
- peaked at 133 days after transplantinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Overwintering Intermediate-Day Onions”
e7“Soil NO 3 -N content in all CRF treatments and NPK once peaked at 133 days after transplanting”
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