Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the photosynthetic parameters of winter pea sowings under the effect of seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilization in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out in the years 2019–2021 in the fields of the Agronomic Research Station (a division of NULES of Ukraine, Kyiv region). Winter pea ‘NS Moroz’ was sown in the second half of September at the rate of 1.2 million seeds/ha. The width of the rows was 15 cm, and the seed sowing depth was 4–4.5 cm. The design of the experiment provided for the combined use of such technological factors as seed inoculation (without inoculation; Optimize Pulse, 3.3 l/t) and nitrogen fertilizer [main application + early spring top dressing (N0; N15 + N15; N15 + N30; N15 + N45; N30 + N0; N30 + N15; N30 + N30; N45 + N0; N45 + N15; N60 + N0)]. P45K45 was also applied in the primary fertilization as a background. Results. Seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilizers positively affect the photosynthetic activity of winter pea; however, the efficiency of their action largely depends on the application doses and timing, as well as the stage of crop development. It was established that in the autumn period of winter pea vegetation (complete sprouting–stalking), the influence of the studied agrotechnical measures on the leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (PP), and net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) was mostly insignificant. In the period of spring-summer vegetation, the effect of the factor of seed inoculation, as well as early spring fertilization with nitrogen, increased significantly, while the main fertilization decreased. The highest LAI (on average according to the experiment 31.4 thousand m2/ha) was formed in the flowering stage, PP during the stages of bean formation – ripening of seeds (0.75 million m²/ha per day). The use of seed inoculation compared to options without it contributed to the increase of these indicators by 5.33 and 0.17 million m2/ha per day, respectively. In the experiment, the maximum values of both LAI (35.77–36.45 thousand m²/ha) and PP (0.91–0.93 million m2/ha per day) were obtained when applying N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 on the background of seed inoculation, while the minimal in control treatments (N0). The regularities of the formation of the NPP were radically different. Its highest indicators during the period of the beginning of vegetation – budding (as well as in the following interphase stages) were observed primarily with the minimal application of fertilizers (N30 + N0, N15 + N15) or in the control treatments (N0), 8.1–9.2 g/m2 per day. Seed inoculation had no significant effect on the formation of NPP. The maximum content of chlorophyll a in plants (5.90 mg/g) was formed in the budding stage, gradually decreasing to 5.74 and 5.05 mg/g in the flowering and bean formation stages, respectively. Instead, the content of chlorophyll b was the lowest in the budding stage (12.37 mg/g), reaching its maximum in the flowering stage (19.71 mg/g) and slightly decreasing in the stage of bean formation – 16.37 mg/g of raw mass. Seed inoculation helped to increase the content of chlorophyll a by an average of 0.9–1.0 mg/g over growth stages and chlorophyll b by 1.4–2.2 mg/g. The best fertilization treatment was N15 + N30–45. Conclusions. Seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilization are significant and effective factors to intensify the photosynthetic activity of winter pea sowings. The patterns of the parameters of leaf s area, photosynthetic potential, net productivity of photosynthesis, and the content of photosynthetic pigments revealed in the study may be used to improve the cultivation technology to fully realize the crop potential productivity under the conditions of the Right Bank Forest‑Steppe of Ukraine.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer increased winter pea photosynthetic activity, with effects depending on dose, timing and stage.
- Taxon
- winter pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- Seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- positively affecte0
- Qualifier
- application doses and timing, as well as the stage of crop developmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilizers positively affect the photosynthetic activity of winter pea; however, the efficiency of their action largely depends on the application doses and timing, as well as the stage of crop development.”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn treatments had mostly insignificant effects on LAI, PP and NPP.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- complete sprouting–stalkinge0
- Treatment
- studied agrotechnical measurese0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (PP), and net photosynthetic productivity (NPP)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the autumn period of winter pea vegetation (complete sprouting–stalking), the influence of the studied agrotechnical measures on the leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (PP), and net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) was mostly insignificant.”
Claim · model-written summary
During spring and summer, effects of inoculation and early spring nitrogen increased significantly.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- spring-summer vegetatione0
- Treatment
- seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- effect of the factor of seed inoculatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the period of spring-summer vegetation, the effect of the factor of seed inoculation, as well as early spring fertilization with nitrogen, increased significantly, while the main fertilization decreased.”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
During spring and summer, the effect of main fertilization decreased.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- spring-summer vegetatione0
- Treatment
- main fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the period of spring-summer vegetation, the effect of the factor of seed inoculation, as well as early spring fertilization with nitrogen, increased significantly, while the main fertilization decreased.”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
LAI peaked at flowering at 31.4 thousand square meters per hectare.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- highest LAIe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 31.4 thousand m2/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest LAI (on average according to the experiment 31.4 thousand m2/ha) was formed in the flowering stage”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
PP peaked during bean formation through seed ripening at 0.75 million square meters per hectare per day.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- bean formation – ripening of seedse0
- Outcome
- PPe0
- Value
- 0.75 million m²/ha per daye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PP during the stages of bean formation – ripening of seeds (0.75 million m²/ha per day)”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation raised LAI by 5.33 relative to no inoculation.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- LAIe1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5.33e0
- Comparator
- options without ite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of seed inoculation compared to options without it contributed to the increase of these indicators by 5.33 and 0.17 million m2/ha per day, respectively.”
t0“winter pea”
e1“leaf area index (LAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation raised PP by 0.17 million square meters per hectare per day.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- PPe1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.17 million m2/ha per daye0
- Comparator
- options without ite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of seed inoculation compared to options without it contributed to the increase of these indicators by 5.33 and 0.17 million m2/ha per day, respectively.”
t0“winter pea”
e1“photosynthetic potential (PP)”
Claim · model-written summary
N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 with inoculation yielded maximal LAI of 35.77–36.45 thousand square meters per hectare.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 on the background of seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 35.77–36.45 thousand m²/hae0
- Comparator
- control treatments (N0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum values of both LAI (35.77–36.45 thousand m²/ha) and PP (0.91–0.93 million m2/ha per day) were obtained when applying N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 on the background of seed inoculation, while the minimal in control treatments (N0).”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 with inoculation yielded maximal PP of 0.91–0.93 million square meters per hectare per day.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 on the background of seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- PPe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.91–0.93 million m2/ha per daye0
- Comparator
- control treatments (N0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum values of both LAI (35.77–36.45 thousand m²/ha) and PP (0.91–0.93 million m2/ha per day) were obtained when applying N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 on the background of seed inoculation, while the minimal in control treatments (N0).”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
NPP was highest under minimal or zero fertilizer at 8.1–9.2 grams per square meter per day.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- beginning of vegetation – buddinge0
- Treatment
- minimal application of fertilizers (N30 + N0, N15 + N15)e0
- Outcome
- NPPe1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.1–9.2 g/m2 per daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Its highest indicators during the period of the beginning of vegetation – budding (as well as in the following interphase stages) were observed primarily with the minimal application of fertilizers (N30 + N0, N15 + N15) or in the control treatments (N0), 8.1–9.2 g/m2 per day.”
t0“winter pea”
e1“net photosynthetic productivity (NPP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed inoculation had no significant effect on NPP.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- formation of NPPe0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed inoculation had no significant effect on the formation of NPP.”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a peaked at budding at 5.90 mg/g.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- budding stagee0
- Outcome
- maximum content of chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 5.90 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum content of chlorophyll a in plants (5.90 mg/g) was formed in the budding stage”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a declined to 5.74 mg/g at flowering.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- floweringe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 5.74e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gradually decreasing to 5.74 and 5.05 mg/g in the flowering and bean formation stages, respectively.”
t0“winter pea”
e1“The maximum content of chlorophyll a”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a declined to 5.05 mg/g at bean formation.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- bean formatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 5.05 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gradually decreasing to 5.74 and 5.05 mg/g in the flowering and bean formation stages, respectively.”
t0“winter pea”
e1“The maximum content of chlorophyll a”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll b was lowest at budding at 12.37 mg/g.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- budding stagee0
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 12.37 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of chlorophyll b was the lowest in the budding stage (12.37 mg/g)”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll b peaked at flowering at 19.71 mg/g.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 19.71 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reaching its maximum in the flowering stage (19.71 mg/g)”
t0“winter pea”
e1“content of chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll b declined at bean formation to 16.37 mg/g raw mass.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- bean formatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 16.37 mg/g of raw masse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slightly decreasing in the stage of bean formation – 16.37 mg/g of raw mass.”
t0“winter pea”
e1“content of chlorophyll b”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed inoculation increased chlorophyll a by 0.9–1.0 mg/g.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Seed inoculatione0
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.9–1.0 mg/ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed inoculation helped to increase the content of chlorophyll a by an average of 0.9–1.0 mg/g over growth stages”
t0“winter pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed inoculation increased chlorophyll b by 1.4–2.2 mg/g.
- Taxon
- winter peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Seed inoculatione1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 1.4–2.2 mg/ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll b by 1.4–2.2 mg/g”
t0“winter pea”
e1“Seed inoculation helped to increase”
e2“helped to increase”
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