Abstract
Abstract Background Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important diseases worldwide, causing considerable yield losses. The estimation of losses due to sheath blight of rice in India has been reported to be up to 54.30%. As a consequence of this fact, eco-friendly approaches were explored in this investigation. Results The pathogen R. solani was isolated from the infected sheath of rice plant, which was identified and characterized on the basis of morphology and through molecular Sequencing. The sequences of ITS were submitted to NCBI GenBank and the accession number allotted is SUB11543577. In dual culture best two potential isolates of biocontrol agents were selected Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf27) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th47). Their different combinations with Herbal Kunapajala (HKJ) were tested in glasshouse, experimental field and farmers’ fields against sheath blight pathogen R. solani. The maximum plant vigor index was found in treatment combination P. fluorescens (27) + T. harzanium (47) + Herbal Kunapajala, seed treatment, soil drenching and three foliar applications. Minimum disease severity and incidence at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60DAS, maximum Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity (PAL), Polyphenol Oxidase Activity (PPO) and Peroxidase Activity (PO) were also recorded in the same treatment. In field experiment the maximum population of biocontrol agents after 60 days of transplanting cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (32.33 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp . (36.33 × 10 4 ) in rhizosphere and in rhizoplane. Maximum cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (24.67 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp. (24.0 × 10 4 ) was observed in treatment Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]. At experimental and farmers field minimum disease severity, disease incidence at 60 DAT was recorded in treatment Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray] and was at par with the chemical treatment Carbendazim, but the maximum yield was obtained in the treatment Th + PF + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray] due to the maximum growth promotion activity. Conclusions Among various treatment seed treatment, soil drenching and three foliar sprays with combination T. harzianum (47), P. fluorescens (27) and Herbal Kunapajala was found very effective in reducing the disease incidence, disease severity and increasing growth promotion activity at all conditions. Therefore, the recommendation of this investigation could be exploited under bio-intensive disease management program for sustainable cultivation of rice.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani from infected rice sheath was identified by morphology and sequencing.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- identified and characterizede0
- Comparator
- morphology and through molecular Sequencinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen R. solani was isolated from the infected sheath of rice plant, which was identified and characterized on the basis of morphology and through molecular Sequencing”
Claim · model-written summary
The ITS sequence was deposited as SUB11543577.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- sequences of ITS were submitted to NCBI GenBanke0
- Value
- SUB11543577e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sequences of ITS were submitted to NCBI GenBank and the accession number allotted is SUB11543577”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual culture selected Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf27 as a potential biocontrol isolate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf27)
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- potential isolates of biocontrol agentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In dual culture best two potential isolates of biocontrol agents were selected Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf27) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th47)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual culture selected Trichoderma harzianum Th47 as a potential biocontrol isolate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum (Th47)
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- potential isolates of biocontrol agentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In dual culture best two potential isolates of biocontrol agents were selected Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf27) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th47)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pf27, Th47 and Herbal Kunapajala treatment gave the maximum rice plant vigor index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescens (27) + T. harzanium (47) + Herbal Kunapajala, seed treatment, soil drenching and three foliar applicationse0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens (27)Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- T. harzanium (47)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant vigor indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum plant vigor index was found in treatment combination P. fluorescens (27) + T. harzanium (47) + Herbal Kunapajala, seed treatment, soil drenching and three foliar applications”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The same combination gave minimum sheath blight severity at 30 and 60 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- Minimume0
- Qualifier
- 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60DASe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum disease severity and incidence at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60DAS, maximum Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity (PAL), Polyphenol Oxidase Activity (PPO) and Peroxidase Activity (PO) were also recorded in the same treatment”
t0“rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The same combination gave minimum sheath blight incidence at 30 and 60 DAS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogene0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- Minimume0
- Qualifier
- 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60DASe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum disease severity and incidence at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and 60DAS, maximum Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity (PAL), Polyphenol Oxidase Activity (PPO) and Peroxidase Activity (PO) were also recorded in the same treatment”
t0“rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The same combination maximized PAL, PPO and PO activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Outcome
- Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity (PAL), Polyphenol Oxidase Activity (PPO) and Peroxidase Activity (PO)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity (PAL), Polyphenol Oxidase Activity (PPO) and Peroxidase Activity (PO) were also recorded in the same treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The field combination produced the reported maximum Trichoderma rhizosphere and rhizoplane soil population.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp .Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- population of biocontrol agentse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 32.33 × 10 4e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In field experiment the maximum population of biocontrol agents after 60 days of transplanting cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (32.33 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp . (36.33 × 10 4 ) in rhizosphere and in rhizoplane”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The field combination produced the reported maximum Pseudomonas rhizosphere and rhizoplane soil population.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas spp .
Pseudomonase0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- population of biocontrol agentse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 36.33 × 10 4e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In field experiment the maximum population of biocontrol agents after 60 days of transplanting cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (32.33 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp . (36.33 × 10 4 ) in rhizosphere and in rhizoplane”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Th, Pf and HKJ treatment yielded 24.67 × 10 4 Trichoderma cfu/g soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp .Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp .e0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 24.67 × 10 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (24.67 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp. (24.0 × 10 4 ) was observed in treatment Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Th, Pf and HKJ treatment yielded 24.0 × 10 4 Pseudomonas cfu/g soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas spp.Pseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (24.67 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp.e0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 24.0 × 10 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum cfu/g soil for Trichoderma spp . (24.67 × 10 4 ) and Pseudomonas spp. (24.0 × 10 4 ) was observed in treatment Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In experimental and farmer fields, the combination minimized disease severity at 60 DAT, on par with Carbendazim.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Comparator
- chemical treatment Carbendazime0
- Setting
- experimental and farmers fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At experimental and farmers field minimum disease severity, disease incidence at 60 DAT was recorded in treatment Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray] and was at par with the chemical treatment Carbendazim”
t0“rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
In experimental and farmer fields, the combination minimized disease incidence at 60 DAT, on par with Carbendazim.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Comparator
- chemical treatment Carbendazime0
- Setting
- experimental and farmers fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At experimental and farmers field minimum disease severity, disease incidence at 60 DAT was recorded in treatment Th + Pf + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray] and was at par with the chemical treatment Carbendazim”
t0“rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment gave maximum rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Th + PF + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray]e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- maximum growth promotion activitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum yield was obtained in the treatment Th + PF + HKJ [seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray] due to the maximum growth promotion activity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the combined treatment for bio-intensive rice disease management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- bio-intensive disease management program for sustainable cultivation of ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recommendation of this investigation could be exploited under bio-intensive disease management program for sustainable cultivation of rice”
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