Abstract
Abstract Background Ammonium (NH 4 + ) is a key nitrogen source supporting plant growth and development. Proteins in the ammonium transporter (AMT) family mediate the movement of NH 4 + across the cell membrane. Although several studies have examined AMT genes in various plant species, few studies of the AMT gene family have been conducted in chili pepper. Results Here, a total of eight AMT genes were identified in chili pepper, and their exon/intron structures, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization were explored. Synteny analyses among chili pepper, tomato, eggplant, soybean, and Medicago revealed that the CaAMT2;1 , CaAMT2.4 , and CaAMT3;1 have undergone an expansion prior to the divergence of Solanaceae and Leguminosae. The expression of six AMT2 genes was either up-regulated or down-regulated in response to AM colonization. The expression of CaAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 and SlAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 was significantly up-regulated in AM fungi-inoculated roots. A 1,112-bp CaAMT2;1 promoter fragment and a 1,400-bp CaAMT2;2 promoter fragment drove the expression of the β-glucuronidase gene in the cortex of AM roots. Evaluation of AM colonization under different NH 4 + concentrations revealed that a sufficient, but not excessive, supply of NH 4 + promotes the growth of chili pepper and the colonization of AM. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CaAMT2;2 overexpression could mediate NH 4 + uptake in tomato plants. Conclusion In sum, our results provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships and functional divergence of chili pepper AMT genes. We also identified putative AMT genes expressed in AM symbiotic roots.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
A total of eight AMT genes were identified in chili pepper.
CapsicumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e1“a total of eight AMT genes were identified in chili pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
CaAMT2;1, CaAMT2.4 and CaAMT3;1 underwent expansion before the divergence of Solanaceae and Leguminosae.
- Gene
- CaAMT2;1 , CaAMT2.4 , and CaAMT3;1e2
- Outcome
- expansione2
- Qualifier
- prior to the divergence of Solanaceae and Leguminosaee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e2“CaAMT2;1 , CaAMT2.4 , and CaAMT3;1 have undergone an expansion prior to the divergence of Solanaceae and Leguminosae”
Claim · model-written summary
The expression of six AMT2 genes in chili pepper was either up-regulated or down-regulated in response to AM colonization.
- Treatment
- AM colonizatione3
- Interactor
- AMe3symbiont
- Gene
- AMT2e3
- Outcome
- expression of six AMT2 genese3
- Direction
- up-regulated or down-regulatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e3“The expression of six AMT2 genes was either up-regulated or down-regulated in response to AM colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
CaAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 expression in chili pepper roots was significantly up-regulated in AM fungi-inoculated roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- AM fungi-inoculated rootse4
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae4symbiont
- Gene
- CaAMT2;1/2;2/2;3e4
- Outcome
- expressione4
- Direction
- up-regulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e4“The expression of CaAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 and SlAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 was significantly up-regulated in AM fungi-inoculated roots”
Claim · model-written summary
SlAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 expression in tomato was significantly up-regulated in AM fungi-inoculated roots.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume7 - Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- AM fungi-inoculated rootse4
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae4symbiont
- Gene
- SlAMT2;1/2;2/2;3e4
- Outcome
- expressione4
- Direction
- up-regulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e4“The expression of CaAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 and SlAMT2;1/2;2/2;3 was significantly up-regulated in AM fungi-inoculated roots”
e7“CaAMT2;2 overexpression could mediate NH 4 + uptake in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1,112-bp CaAMT2;1 promoter fragment drove beta-glucuronidase expression in the cortex of AM roots of chili pepper.
- Organ / stage
- cortex of AM rootse5
- Gene
- CaAMT2;1e5
- Outcome
- expression of the β-glucuronidase genee5
- Value
- 1,112-bpe5
- Qualifier
- promoter fragmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e5“A 1,112-bp CaAMT2;1 promoter fragment and a 1,400-bp CaAMT2;2 promoter fragment drove the expression of the β-glucuronidase gene in the cortex of AM roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1,400-bp CaAMT2;2 promoter fragment drove beta-glucuronidase expression in the cortex of AM roots of chili pepper.
- Organ / stage
- cortex of AM rootse5
- Gene
- CaAMT2;2e5
- Outcome
- expression of the β-glucuronidase genee5
- Value
- 1,400-bpe5
- Qualifier
- promoter fragmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e5“A 1,112-bp CaAMT2;1 promoter fragment and a 1,400-bp CaAMT2;2 promoter fragment drove the expression of the β-glucuronidase gene in the cortex of AM roots”
Claim · model-written summary
A sufficient but not excessive supply of NH4+ promoted the growth of chili pepper.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e6“a sufficient, but not excessive, supply of NH 4 + promotes the growth of chili pepper and the colonization of AM”
Claim · model-written summary
A sufficient but not excessive supply of NH4+ promoted the colonization of chili pepper roots by AM.
- Treatment
- sufficient, but not excessive, supply of NH 4 +e6
- Interactor
- AMe6symbiont
- Outcome
- colonizatione6
- Direction
- promotese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e6“a sufficient, but not excessive, supply of NH 4 + promotes the growth of chili pepper and the colonization of AM”
Claim · model-written summary
CaAMT2;2 overexpression mediated NH4+ uptake in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- overexpressione7
- Gene
- CaAMT2;2e7
- Outcome
- NH 4 + uptakee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e7“CaAMT2;2 overexpression could mediate NH 4 + uptake in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Putative AMT genes expressed in AM symbiotic roots of chili pepper were identified.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of the AMT gene family in chili pepper and the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the expression patterns of CaAMT2 genes”
e2“We also identified putative AMT genes expressed in AM symbiotic roots”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · Glomeromycota · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
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See all 19 papers →mycorrhiza · Glomeromycota · Capsicum (peppers)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.