Abstract
This study was conducted at two farmers’ fields to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum intervened between the rice-wheat cropping sequences (RWCS) on high residual alkalinity, i.e., residual sodium carbonate (RSC) water irrigation-induced sodic soil. The treatments were comprised of two field sites having different residual alkalinity [RSC ~5 me L−1 (RSC-1) and ~7 me L−1 (RSC-2) water irrigation in main plots, four neutralization strategies, i.e., control/unamended condition (N0), gypsum @ 7.5 t ha−1 (N1), pressmud @ 10 t ha−1 (N2) and gypsum @ 3.75 t ha−1 + pressmud @ 5 t ha−1 (N3) in sub plots and two varietal sequences of RWCS, i.e., salt tolerant varieties (CSR 30 basmati fb KRL 210) and traditionally grown varieties (PB 1121 fb HD 2967) of rice and wheat as sub–sub plots. Sorghum cv. Sugargraze (Advanta Company) was grown after the harvesting of wheat and cut for green fodder before transplanting rice during both years. Sorghum physiological and biochemical traits [relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration rate (E), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), photon quantum yield [Y (II)] and K/Na ratio]; fodder quality traits [Crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE)] and productivity [green fodder yield (GFY), dry matter yield, CP yield, EE yield and ash yield) and profitability (gross returns, net returns, benefit–cost ratio) significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1. Proline, total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP), dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) decreased with increasing RSC of irrigation water. Sodicity neutralization considerably improved sorghum physiological adaptation mechanisms, fodder quality, productivity and profitability. The introduction of summer fodder sorghum between RWCS resulted in additional net returns (NR) (INR 13.64 to 20.79 × 103 ha−1). Our results indicate that pressmud proved a feasible alternative to replace and/or reduce the quantity of gypsum required for neutralization of RSC water irrigation. Growing summer fodder sorghum between RWCS along with neutralization of RSC water irrigation can increase the availability of quality green fodder during lean period and also increase the profitability of the rice-wheat cropping system in high residual alkalinity water irrigation conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1 significantly decreased relative water content, total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e1“relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC significantly decreased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration rate (E), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)e3
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
e3“stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration rate (E), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC significantly decreased photon quantum yield and K/Na ratio of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- photon quantum yield [Y (II)] and K/Na ratioe4
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
e4“photon quantum yield [Y (II)] and K/Na ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC significantly decreased crude protein and ether extract of sorghum fodder.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- Crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE)e5
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
e5“fodder quality traits [Crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC significantly decreased green fodder yield, dry matter yield and CP yield of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- green fodder yield (GFY), dry matter yield, CP yielde6
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
e6“green fodder yield (GFY), dry matter yield, CP yield, EE yield and ash yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC significantly decreased EE yield and ash yield of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- EE yield and ash yielde6
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
e6“green fodder yield (GFY), dry matter yield, CP yield, EE yield and ash yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation water RSC significantly decreased gross returns, net returns and benefit–cost ratio of the sorghum crop.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1e2
- Outcome
- gross returns, net returns, benefit–cost ratioe7
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“significantly decreased with the increase in irrigation water RSC from 5 to 7 me L−1”
e7“profitability (gross returns, net returns, benefit–cost ratio)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing RSC of irrigation water decreased proline, total soluble sugar and total soluble protein in sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- increasing RSC of irrigation watere2
- Outcome
- Proline, total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP)e1
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e1“Proline, total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP)”
e2“decreased with increasing RSC of irrigation water”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing RSC of irrigation water decreased dry matter, ash and neutral detergent fibre of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- increasing RSC of irrigation watere2
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF)e3
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“decreased with increasing RSC of irrigation water”
e3“dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing RSC of irrigation water decreased acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and neutral detergent insoluble CP of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- increasing RSC of irrigation watere2
- Outcome
- acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP)e3
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“decreased with increasing RSC of irrigation water”
e3“acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing RSC of irrigation water decreased acid detergent insoluble CP of sorghum.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume0
- Treatment
- increasing RSC of irrigation watere2
- Outcome
- acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP)e3
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e2“decreased with increasing RSC of irrigation water”
e3“acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodicity neutralisation considerably improved the physiological adaptation mechanisms of sorghum.
- Treatment
- Sodicity neutralizatione1
- Outcome
- sorghum physiological adaptation mechanismse1
- Direction
- improvede1
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sodicity neutralization considerably improved sorghum physiological adaptation mechanisms, fodder quality, productivity and profitability”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodicity neutralisation considerably improved fodder quality, productivity and profitability of sorghum.
- Treatment
- Sodicity neutralizatione1
- Outcome
- fodder quality, productivity and profitabilitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sodicity neutralization considerably improved sorghum physiological adaptation mechanisms, fodder quality, productivity and profitability”
Claim · model-written summary
Introducing summer fodder sorghum between rice and wheat crops gave additional net returns of INR 13.64 to 20.79 × 103 ha−1.
- Taxon
- summer fodder sorghume1
- Treatment
- introduction of summer fodder sorghum between RWCSe1
- Outcome
- additional net returns (NR)e1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- INR 13.64 to 20.79 × 103 ha−1e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The introduction of summer fodder sorghum between RWCS resulted in additional net returns (NR) (INR 13.64 to 20.79 × 103 ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pressmud was a feasible alternative to gypsum for reducing the quantity of gypsum needed to neutralise RSC irrigation water.
Verbatim
e0“to assess the production potential and quality of summer fodder sorghum”
e1“pressmud proved a feasible alternative to replace and/or reduce the quantity of gypsum required for neutralization of RSC water irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing summer fodder sorghum with RSC neutralisation can increase the availability of quality green fodder in the lean period.
Verbatim
e1“Growing summer fodder sorghum between RWCS along with neutralization of RSC water irrigation can increase the availability of quality green fodder during lean period”
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