Abstract
To efficiently improve the productivity of strawberries under growing environmental change, the photosynthesis, root growth, and nitrogen allocation of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Toyonoka) were investigated in a factorial design of CO2, temperature, and nitrogen supply. Elevated CO2 decreased the maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax), maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf area (Vcmax), and maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf mass (Vcm-m) by 20%, 24%, and 44%, respectively. Meanwhile, it reduced the SPAD value, maximal fluorescence level in the dark-adapted state (Fm), and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). Moreover, root branches, root number, root dry weight, and nitrogen-use efficiency were further increased in response to elevated CO2 under low nitrogen. When elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrients, the Vcm-m and root nitrogen concentration (RNC) declined by 32% and 12%, respectively, but the total root dry weight (TRDW) increased by 88%. If the nitrogen nutrient was individually applied, the TRDW decreased by 16%, while the RNC increased by 21%. When the high temperature was individually applied, the TRDW increased by 104%, but the RNC decreased by 5%. Overall, elevated CO2 exacerbated photosynthetic down-regulation and significantly affected nitrogen redistribution among strawberry organs, reducing leaf nitrogen concentration and accelerating leaf senescence. However, it could increase seed quantity and improve its quality as well. In other words, under nitrogen-deficient conditions, elevated CO2 could improve the survival of offspring via the cost of the mother plant’s growth capacity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced Amax by 20%.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- Elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO2 decreased the maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax), maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf area (Vcmax), and maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf mass (Vcm-m) by 20%, 24%, and 44%, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced Vcmax by 24%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf area (Vcmax)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO2 decreased the maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax), maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf area (Vcmax), and maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf mass (Vcm-m) by 20%, 24%, and 44%, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced Vcm-m by 44%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf mass (Vcm-m)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO2 decreased the maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax), maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf area (Vcmax), and maximum CO2 carboxylation capacity per unit leaf mass (Vcm-m) by 20%, 24%, and 44%, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced SPAD, Fm and Fv/Fm.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO2e1
- Outcome
- SPAD value, maximal fluorescence level in the dark-adapted state (Fm), and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced the SPAD value, maximal fluorescence level in the dark-adapted state (Fm), and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm).”
e1“Elevated CO2 decreased”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low nitrogen, elevated CO2 increased root branches, root number and dry weight.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 under low nitrogene0
- Outcome
- root branches, root number, root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root branches, root number, root dry weight, and nitrogen-use efficiency were further increased in response to elevated CO2 under low nitrogen.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low nitrogen, elevated CO2 increased nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 under low nitrogene0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root branches, root number, root dry weight, and nitrogen-use efficiency were further increased in response to elevated CO2 under low nitrogen.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and nitrogen reduced Vcm-m by 32%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrientse0
- Outcome
- Vcm-me0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrients, the Vcm-m and root nitrogen concentration (RNC) declined by 32% and 12%, respectively, but the total root dry weight (TRDW) increased by 88%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and nitrogen reduced RNC by 12%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrientse0
- Outcome
- root nitrogen concentration (RNC)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrients, the Vcm-m and root nitrogen concentration (RNC) declined by 32% and 12%, respectively, but the total root dry weight (TRDW) increased by 88%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and nitrogen increased TRDW by 88%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrientse0
- Outcome
- total root dry weight (TRDW)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When elevated CO2 was applied together with nitrogen nutrients, the Vcm-m and root nitrogen concentration (RNC) declined by 32% and 12%, respectively, but the total root dry weight (TRDW) increased by 88%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen alone decreased TRDW by 16%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen nutrient was individually appliede0
- Outcome
- TRDWe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If the nitrogen nutrient was individually applied, the TRDW decreased by 16%, while the RNC increased by 21%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen alone increased RNC by 21%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen nutrient was individually appliede0
- Outcome
- RNCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If the nitrogen nutrient was individually applied, the TRDW decreased by 16%, while the RNC increased by 21%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature alone increased TRDW by 104%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- high temperature was individually appliede0
- Outcome
- TRDWe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 104%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the high temperature was individually applied, the TRDW increased by 104%, but the RNC decreased by 5%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature alone decreased RNC by 5%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- high temperature was individually appliede0
- Outcome
- RNCe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the high temperature was individually applied, the TRDW increased by 104%, but the RNC decreased by 5%.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced leaf nitrogen concentration and accelerated leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogen concentration and accelerating leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO2 exacerbated photosynthetic down-regulation and significantly affected nitrogen redistribution among strawberry organs, reducing leaf nitrogen concentration and accelerating leaf senescence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 could increase seed quantity and quality.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e1
- Outcome
- seed quantity and improve its qualitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it could increase seed quantity and improve its quality as well.”
e1“elevated CO2 exacerbated”
t0“Strawberry”
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