Abstract
The scarcity of fertilizers and their rising costs are significant barriers to crop production, as the current agricultural situation in India has shown. In maize–potato–onion cropping systems, the impact of various organic treatments on crop yields and soil parameters has shown that organic treatments increased maize, potato and onion yields compared to chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alone. Treatments with applications of different organic sources, each equivalent to 1/3 of the recommended N, along with intercropping of soybeans in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onions, gave the highest yield of maize crops, and significant positive yield trends were observed in four treatments (T1, T2, T4 and T6). Interestingly, all treatments showed a positive effect on potato and onion yields, clearly summarizing potatoes and onions as being more stable crops than maize. Further, the best soil characteristics, viz., bulk density and soil resistance under organic treatment, were lower than those found in integrated and chemical treatments. In contrast, the soil’s water-holding capacity, stable aggregate and infiltration rate followed a reverse trend. The treatment (T3), in which soybeans were grown as an inter-row crop in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onions, showed the highest energy-use efficiency, energy output efficiency and energy productivity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments increased maize yield compared with chemical treatment alone.
- Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“organic treatments increased maize, potato and onion yields compared to chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments increased potato yield compared with chemical treatment alone.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume1 - Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“organic treatments increased maize, potato and onion yields compared to chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments increased onion yield compared with chemical treatment alone.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“organic treatments increased maize, potato and onion yields compared to chemical treatment (recommended dose of fertilizers) alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant positive yield trends were observed in four organic treatments (T1, T2, T4 and T6).
- Taxon
- Maize–Potato–OnionSolanum tuberosum
Zea maysAllium cepat0 - Outcome
- significant positive yield trendse2
- Qualifier
- four treatments (T1, T2, T4 and T6)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“significant positive yield trends were observed in four treatments (T1, T2, T4 and T6)”
t0“Maize–Potato–Onion Cropping Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The organic treatment with intercropping of soybeans in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onions gave the highest maize yield.
- Treatment
- applications of different organic sources, each equivalent to 1/3 of the recommended N, along with intercropping of soybeans in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onionse3
- Outcome
- yield of maize cropse3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Treatments with applications of different organic sources, each equivalent to 1/3 of the recommended N, along with intercropping of soybeans in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onions, gave the highest yield of maize crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Under organic treatment, bulk density and soil resistance were lower than under integrated and chemical treatments.
- Taxon
- Maize–Potato–OnionSolanum tuberosumZea maysAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente5
- Outcome
- bulk density and soil resistancee5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- integrated and chemical treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the best soil characteristics, viz., bulk density and soil resistance under organic treatment, were lower than those found in integrated and chemical treatments”
t0“Maize–Potato–Onion Cropping Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Under organic treatment, soil water-holding capacity, stable aggregate and infiltration rate followed a reverse trend relative to integrated and chemical treatments.
- Taxon
- Maize–Potato–OnionSolanum tuberosumZea maysAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente5
- Outcome
- water-holding capacity, stable aggregate and infiltration ratee6
- Direction
- reverse trende6
- Comparator
- integrated and chemical treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the best soil characteristics, viz., bulk density and soil resistance under organic treatment, were lower than those found in integrated and chemical treatments”
e6“the soil’s water-holding capacity, stable aggregate and infiltration rate followed a reverse trend”
t0“Maize–Potato–Onion Cropping Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment with soybeans as an inter-row crop in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onions showed the highest energy-use efficiency, energy output efficiency and energy productivity.
- Taxon
- Maize–Potato–OnionSolanum tuberosumZea maysAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- soybeans were grown as an inter-row crop in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onionse7
- Outcome
- energy-use efficiency, energy output efficiency and energy productivitye7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The treatment (T3), in which soybeans were grown as an inter-row crop in maize, radishes in potatoes and coriander in onions, showed the highest energy-use efficiency, energy output efficiency and energy productivity”
t0“Maize–Potato–Onion Cropping Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments had a positive effect on potato and onion yields.
- Taxon
- potato and onionSolanum tuberosumAllium cepae4
- Treatment
- all treatmentse4
- Outcome
- potato and onion yieldse4
- Direction
- positive effecte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“all treatments showed a positive effect on potato and onion yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Potatoes and onions were more stable crops than maize across the treatments.
- Taxon
- potatoes and onionsSolanum tuberosumAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- more stable crops than maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potatoes and onions as being more stable crops than maize”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.