Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a nonrenewable resource and a critical element for plant growth that plays an important role in improving crop yield. Excessive P fertilizer application is widespread in agricultural production, which not only wastes phosphate resources but also causes P accumulation and groundwater pollution. Here, we hypothesized that the apparent P balance of a crop system could be used as an indicator for identifying the critical P input in order to obtain a high yield with high phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). A 12-year field experiment with P fertilization rates of 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 kg P2O5 ha-1 was conducted to determine the crop yield, PUE, and soil Olsen-P value response to P balance, and to optimize the P input. Annual yield stagnation occurred when the P fertilizer application exceeded a certain level, and high yield and PUE levels were achieved with annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1. A critical P balance range of 2.15-4.45 kg P ha-1 was recommended to achieve optimum yield with minimal environmental risk. The critical P input range estimated from the P balance was 95.7-101 kg P2O5 ha-1, which improved yield and PUE (90.0-94.9%). In addition, the P input-output balance helps in assessing future changes in Olsen-P values, which increased by 4.07 mg kg-1 of P for every 100 kg of P surplus. Overall, the P balance can be used as a critical indicator for P management in agriculture, providing a robust reference for limiting P excess and developing a more productive, efficient and environmentally friendly P fertilizer management strategy.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Annual yield plateaued above a phosphorus fertilizer threshold.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maize
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- P fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- Annual yielde0
- Direction
- stagnatione0
- Qualifier
- exceeded a certain levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Annual yield stagnation occurred when the P fertilizer application exceeded a certain level”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual P rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1 achieved high yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high yield and PUE levels were achieved with annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual P rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1 achieved high PUE.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1e0
- Outcome
- PUE levelse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high yield and PUE levels were achieved with annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P2O5 ha-1”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommended P balance of 2.15-4.45 kg P ha-1 for optimal yield with minimal environmental risk.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- critical P balance rangee0
- Value
- 2.15-4.45 kg P ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- optimum yield with minimal environmental riske0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A critical P balance range of 2.15-4.45 kg P ha-1 was recommended to achieve optimum yield with minimal environmental risk.”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P balance estimated critical P input at 95.7-101 kg P2O5 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- critical P input rangee0
- Value
- 95.7-101 kg P2O5 ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The critical P input range estimated from the P balance was 95.7-101 kg P2O5 ha-1”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical P input improved yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- critical P input rangee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The critical P input range estimated from the P balance was 95.7-101 kg P2O5 ha-1, which improved yield and PUE (90.0-94.9%).”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical P input improved PUE to 90.0-94.9%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- critical P input rangee0
- Outcome
- PUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 90.0-94.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The critical P input range estimated from the P balance was 95.7-101 kg P2O5 ha-1, which improved yield and PUE (90.0-94.9%).”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Olsen-P increased 4.07 mg kg-1 per 100 kg P surplus.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- P surpluse0
- Outcome
- Olsen-P valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.07 mg kg-1e0
- Qualifier
- every 100 kg of P surpluse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olsen-P values, which increased by 4.07 mg kg-1 of P for every 100 kg of P surplus”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude P balance can guide phosphorus management.
- Taxon
- winter wheat–summer maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- P balance can be used as a critical indicator for P management in agriculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the P balance can be used as a critical indicator for P management in agriculture”
t0“winter wheat–summer maize”
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