Abstract
Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ), is a major quarantine forest disease that poses a threat to various pine species, including Pinus massoniana (masson pine), worldwide. Breeding of PWN-resistant pine trees is an important approach to prevent the disease. To expedite the production of PWN-resistant P. massoniana accessions, we investigated the effects of maturation medium treatments on somatic embryo development, germination, survival, and rooting. Furthermore, we evaluated the mycorrhization and nematode resistance of regenerated plantlets. Abscisic acid was identified as the main factor affecting maturation, germination, and rooting of somatic embryos in P. massoniana , resulting in a maximum of 34.9 ± 9.4 somatic embryos per ml, 87.3 ± 9.1% germination rate, and 55.2 ± 29.3% rooting rate. Polyethylene glycol was identified as the main factor affecting the survival rate of somatic embryo plantlets, with a survival rate of up to 59.6 ± 6.8%, followed by abscisic acid. Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation with Pisolithus orientalis enhanced the shoot height of plantlets regenerated from embryogenic cell line (ECL) 20-1-7. Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation also improved the survival rate of plantlets during the acclimatization stage, with 85% of mycorrhized plantlets surviving four months after acclimatization in the greenhouse, compared with 37% non-mycorrhized plantlets. Following PWN inoculation, the wilting rate and the number of nematodes recovered from ECL 20-1-7 were lower than those recovered from ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16. The wilting ratios of mycorrhizal plantlets from all cell lines were significantly lower than those of non-mycorrhizal regenerated plantlets. This plantlet regeneration system and mycorrhization method could be used in the large-scale production of nematode-resistance plantlets and to study the interaction between nematode, pines, and mycorrhizal fungi.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid gave a maximum of 34.9 ± 9.4 somatic embryos per ml in Pinus massoniana.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana
Pinus massonianat0 - Treatment
- Abscisic acide1
- Outcome
- somatic embryos per mle1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 34.9 ± 9.4 somatic embryos per mle1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e1“Abscisic acid was identified as the main factor affecting maturation, germination, and rooting of somatic embryos in P. massoniana, resulting in a maximum of 34.9 ± 9.4 somatic embryos per ml, 87.3 ± 9.1% germination rate, and 55.2 ± 29.3% rooting rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid gave a maximum germination rate of 87.3 ± 9.1% for somatic embryos of Pinus massoniana.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Treatment
- Abscisic acide1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 87.3 ± 9.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e1“Abscisic acid was identified as the main factor affecting maturation, germination, and rooting of somatic embryos in P. massoniana, resulting in a maximum of 34.9 ± 9.4 somatic embryos per ml, 87.3 ± 9.1% germination rate, and 55.2 ± 29.3% rooting rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid gave a maximum rooting rate of 55.2 ± 29.3% for somatic embryos of Pinus massoniana.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Treatment
- Abscisic acide1
- Outcome
- rooting ratee1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 55.2 ± 29.3%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e1“Abscisic acid was identified as the main factor affecting maturation, germination, and rooting of somatic embryos in P. massoniana, resulting in a maximum of 34.9 ± 9.4 somatic embryos per ml, 87.3 ± 9.1% germination rate, and 55.2 ± 29.3% rooting rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyethylene glycol gave the highest survival rate of somatic embryo plantlets of Pinus massoniana, up to 59.6 ± 6.8%, ahead of abscisic acid.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Treatment
- Polyethylene glycole2
- Outcome
- survival rate of somatic embryo plantletse2
- Direction
- higherinferrede2
- Value
- 59.6 ± 6.8%e2
- Comparator
- abscisic acide2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e2“Polyethylene glycol was identified as the main factor affecting the survival rate of somatic embryo plantlets, with a survival rate of up to 59.6 ± 6.8%, followed by abscisic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation with Pisolithus orientalis enhanced the shoot height of plantlets regenerated from embryogenic cell line 20-1-7.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Material
- embryogenic cell line (ECL) 20-1-7e3
- Treatment
- Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation with Pisolithus orientalise3
- Interactor
- Pisolithus orientalisPisolithus orientalise3symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot heighte3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e3“Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation with Pisolithus orientalis enhanced the shoot height of plantlets regenerated from embryogenic cell line (ECL) 20-1-7”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation improved the survival rate of plantlets during acclimatization, with 85% of mycorrhized plantlets surviving in the greenhouse compared with 37% non-mycorrhized plantlets.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Treatment
- Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculatione4
- Interactor
- Ectomycorrhizal fungie4symbiont
- Outcome
- survival rate of plantletse4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 85%e4
- Qualifier
- four months after acclimatizatione4
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhized plantletse4
- Setting
- in the greenhousee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e4“Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation also improved the survival rate of plantlets during the acclimatization stage, with 85% of mycorrhized plantlets surviving four months after acclimatization in the greenhouse, compared with 37% non-mycorrhized plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
After Bursaphelenchus xylophilus inoculation, the wilting rate of plantlets from ECL 20-1-7 was lower than from ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Material
- ECL 20-1-7e5
- Treatment
- PWN inoculatione5
- Interactor
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Bursaphelenchus xylophiluse0pathogen - Outcome
- wilting ratee5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e0“pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
e5“Following PWN inoculation, the wilting rate and the number of nematodes recovered from ECL 20-1-7 were lower than those recovered from ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16”
Claim · model-written summary
After Bursaphelenchus xylophilus inoculation, fewer nematodes were recovered from ECL 20-1-7 than from ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Material
- ECL 20-1-7e5
- Treatment
- PWN inoculatione5
- Interactor
- Bursaphelenchus xylophilusBursaphelenchus xylophiluse0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of nematodes recoverede5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e0“pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus”
e5“Following PWN inoculation, the wilting rate and the number of nematodes recovered from ECL 20-1-7 were lower than those recovered from ECL 20-1-4 and 20-1-16”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the plantlet regeneration system and mycorrhization method could be used for large-scale production of nematode-resistant plantlets.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhization methode7
- Outcome
- large-scale production of nematode-resistance plantletse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pinus massoniana somatic embryo maturation”
e7“This plantlet regeneration system and mycorrhization method could be used in the large-scale production of nematode-resistance plantlets”
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