Abstract
Salinity is a global and increasing problem in agriculture. The response of Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape) to salinity and the possible role of chlormequat chloride (CCC) as a seed primer in improving salt tolerance were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment consisted of four salinities (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g NaCl kg−1 soil) and four CCC concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L − 1) in a complete randomised block design with three replications. Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content. Application of CCC, especially 500 and 750 mg L − 1, improved all measured traits and Ca and K contents. The increase in K and Ca content and the simultaneous decrease in Na content indicate improved ion selectivity in plants treated with CCC. Stomatal density was reduced by salt stress, while higher concentrations of CCC increased the number of stomata, especially in the abaxial part, thus reducing the adaxial/abaxial stomatal number ratio. Reduced stomatal number due to salt stress increased the resistance of canola to salt stress by preventing transpiration rate and can be considered as a stress avoidance and water saving mechanism in canola. There is no significant difference in all measured traits between non-saline and mild saline stress, but seed yield decreased at this stress level compared to the control condition. The results suggest that the application of CCC increased the photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical attributes and seed yield of canola plants. The data show that 500 and 750 mg CCC L − 1 in saline soils up to 10.5 dS m − 1 can improve yield and physiological parameters of canola.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased relative water content, stomatal conductance and stomatal density.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal densitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e1“Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, chlorophylle1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e1“Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased potassium and calcium content, K/Na and Ca/Na ratio.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratioe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e1“Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased seed yield.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e1“Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration and proline.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, prolinee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e1“Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e1“Salt stress decreased relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, potassium and calcium content, K/Na, Ca/Na ratio and seed yield, but increased leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal area and sodium content”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of CCC, especially at 500 and 750 mg L − 1, improved all measured traits and Ca and K contents.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Application of CCC, especially 500 and 750 mg L − 1e2
- Outcome
- all measured traits and Ca and K contentse2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e2“Application of CCC, especially 500 and 750 mg L − 1, improved all measured traits and Ca and K contents”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in K and Ca and decrease in Na indicate improved ion selectivity in CCC-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- plants treated with CCCe3
- Outcome
- improved ion selectivitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e3“The increase in K and Ca content and the simultaneous decrease in Na content indicate improved ion selectivity in plants treated with CCC”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher CCC concentrations increased the number of stomata, especially in the abaxial part.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial parte4
- Treatment
- higher concentrations of CCCe4
- Outcome
- number of stomatae4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e4“higher concentrations of CCC increased the number of stomata, especially in the abaxial part, thus reducing the adaxial/abaxial stomatal number ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher CCC concentrations reduced the adaxial/abaxial stomatal number ratio.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- higher concentrations of CCCe4
- Outcome
- adaxial/abaxial stomatal number ratioe4
- Direction
- reducinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e4“higher concentrations of CCC increased the number of stomata, especially in the abaxial part, thus reducing the adaxial/abaxial stomatal number ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced stomatal number under salt stress is a water-saving mechanism that increased the salt resistance of canola.
- Taxon
- canola
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napuse5 - Outcome
- resistance of canola to salt stresse5
- Qualifier
- Reduced stomatal number due to salt stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e5“Reduced stomatal number due to salt stress increased the resistance of canola to salt stress by preventing transpiration rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Between non-saline and mild saline stress there was no significant difference in all measured traits.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- mild saline stresse6
- Outcome
- all measured traitse6
- Direction
- no significant differencee6
- Comparator
- non-salinee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e6“There is no significant difference in all measured traits between non-saline and mild saline stress, but seed yield decreased at this stress level compared to the control condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield decreased under mild saline stress compared with the control condition.
- Taxon
- Brassica napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- mild saline stresse6
- Outcome
- seed yielde6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Comparator
- control conditione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e6“There is no significant difference in all measured traits between non-saline and mild saline stress, but seed yield decreased at this stress level compared to the control condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola grown with 500 and 750 mg CCC L − 1 in saline soils up to 10.5 dS m − 1 can have improved yield and physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse7
- Treatment
- 500 and 750 mg CCC L − 1e7
- Outcome
- yield and physiological parameterse7
- Qualifier
- saline soils up to 10.5 dS m − 1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica napus L. (canola or oilseed rape)”
e7“The data show that 500 and 750 mg CCC L − 1 in saline soils up to 10.5 dS m − 1 can improve yield and physiological parameters of canola”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.