Abstract
Abstract Background Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) is the worldwide major feed crop for livestock. However, forage quality and productivity are reduced by salt stress, which is a common issue in alfalfa-growing regions. The relative salt tolerance is changed during plant life cycle. This research aimed to investigate the relative salt tolerance and the underlying mechanisms of two alfalfa varieties at different developmental stages. Results Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl). When the germinated seeds were exposed to salt stress, D4V exhibited enhanced primary root growth compared to ZM1 due to the maintenance of meristem size, sustained or increased expression of cell cycle-related genes, greater activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher level of IAA. These findings indicated that D4V was more tolerant than ZM1 at early developmental stage. However, when young seedlings were exposed to salt stress, ZM1 displayed a lighter wilted phenotype and leaf cell death, higher biomass and nutritional quality, lower relative electrolytic leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In addition, ZM1 obtained a greater antioxidant capacity in leaves, indicated by less accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes. Further ionic tissue-distribution analysis identified that ZM1 accumulated less Na + and more K + in leaves and stems, resulting in lower Na + /K + ratio, because of possessing higher expression of ion transporters and sensitivity of stomata closure. Therefore, the relative salt tolerance of ZM1 and D4V was reversed at young seedling stages, with the young seedlings of the former being more salt-tolerant. Conclusion Our data revealed the changes of relative order of salt tolerance between alfalfa varieties as they develop. Meristem activity in primary root tips and ion transferring at young seedling stages were underlying mechanisms that resulted in differences in salt tolerance at different developmental stages.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, germinated D4V seeds had enhanced primary root growth relative to ZM1.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Material
- D4Ve0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- primary root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- ZM1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D4V exhibited enhanced primary root growth compared to ZM1”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
D4V maintained meristem size under salt stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- D4Ve1
- Outcome
- meristem sizee0
- Direction
- maintenancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintenance of meristem size, sustained or increased expression of cell cycle-related genes, greater activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher level of IAA”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
D4V sustained or increased expression of cell cycle genes under salt stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- D4Ve1
- Gene
- cell cycle-related genese0
- Outcome
- expression of cell cycle-related genese0
- Direction
- sustained or increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sustained or increased expression of cell cycle-related genes”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
D4V had greater antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- D4Ve1
- Gene
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater activity of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
D4V had higher IAA under salt stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- D4Ve1
- Outcome
- level of IAAe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher level of IAA”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
D4V was more salt tolerant than ZM1 at the early developmental stage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D4V was more tolerant than ZM1 at early developmental stage”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
At the young seedling stage, ZM1 had a lighter wilted phenotype and leaf cell death.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e0
- Outcome
- wilted phenotype and leaf cell deathe0
- Direction
- lightere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZM1 displayed a lighter wilted phenotype and leaf cell death”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 had higher biomass and nutritional quality at the young seedling stage.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Outcome
- biomass and nutritional qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher biomass and nutritional quality”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 had lower electrolyte leakage and MDA concentration at the young seedling stage.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Outcome
- relative electrolytic leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower relative electrolytic leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 leaves accumulated less hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Outcome
- accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 leaves had higher antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher activity of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 accumulated less sodium in leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and stemse0
- Outcome
- Na +e0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZM1 accumulated less Na + and more K + in leaves and stems”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 accumulated more potassium in leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and stemse0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZM1 accumulated less Na + and more K + in leaves and stems”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 had a lower sodium to potassium ratio.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Outcome
- Na + /K + ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in lower Na + /K + ratio”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 had higher expression of ion transporters.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Gene
- ion transporterse0
- Outcome
- expression of ion transporterse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher expression of ion transporters”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM1 had greater sensitivity of stomata closure.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Material
- ZM1e1
- Outcome
- sensitivity of stomata closuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sensitivity of stomata closure”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
At young seedling stage ZM1 was more salt tolerant than D4V.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“young seedlings of the former being more salt-tolerant”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
e1“Two alfalfa varieties, "Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1)" and "D4V", with varying salt tolerance, were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl).”
Claim · model-written summary
Root meristem activity and ion transfer were proposed as stage-specific tolerance mechanisms.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- primary root tipse0
- Outcome
- differences in salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- Meristem activity in primary root tips and ion transferring at young seedling stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meristem activity in primary root tips and ion transferring at young seedling stages were underlying mechanisms that resulted in differences in salt tolerance at different developmental stages”
t0“Involvement of cell cycle and ion transferring in the salt stress responses of alfalfa varieties at different development stages”
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